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Ion Exchange Process

This summary of ion exchange technologies has a special emphasis on ion exchange materials and processes.

NALCO (1998): Ion Exchange Process. المُدخلات: Online Water Treatment: URL [Accessed: 24.02.2019]
Wastewater treatment and public health in Nunavut: a microbial risk assessment framework for the Canadian Arctic

“This review offers a conceptual framework and evaluation of current knowledge to enable the first microbial risk assessment of exposure scenarios associated with food-harvesting and recreational activities in Arctic communities, where simplified wastewater systems are being operated”.

DALEY, K., JAMIESON, R., RAINHAM, D. and HANSEN, L. (2018): Wastewater treatment and public health in Nunavut: a microbial risk assessment framework for the Canadian Arctic. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25 (33), 32860–32872. URL [Accessed: 28.01.2019] PDF
Recommendations for the Use of Tundra Wetlands for Treatment of Municipal Wastewater in Canada’s Far North
BALCH, G., HAYWARD, J., JAMIESON, R., WOOTTON, B. and YATES, C. (2018): Recommendations for the Use of Tundra Wetlands for Treatment of Municipal Wastewater in Canada’s Far North. Chapter 3. In: NAGABHATLA, N. and METCALFE, C. (eds). Multifunctional Wetlands: Pollution Abatement and Other Ecological Services from Natural and Constructed Wetlands. Springer International Publishing pp. 83-120. URL [Accessed: 28.01.2019]
A complete recycling (ecosan) system at student dormitories in Norway

«The Agricultural University of Norway is pioneering environmentally safe solutions to organic waste and wastewater treatment. In 1997 a first generation recycling system based on ecological engineering principles was built serving 48 students. The system reduces water consumption by 30%, it nearly eliminates pollution, and it produces a valuable plant fertilizer and soil amendment product from the waste material».

JENSSEN, P.D. (2005): A complete recycling (ecosan) system at student dormitories in Norway. In: BOHEMEN, H. v. (ed.) Ecological engineering, Bridging between ecology and civil engineering. Delft (The Netherlands): Æneas Technical Publishers, Chapter 5, 5.6.4, pp 81-83. URL [Accessed: 27.01.2019] PDF
Decentralized urban greywater treatment at Klosterenga Oslo

«In Ruswil, a natural gas derisification plant is being operated as a part of the European gas-pipeline network. The plant generates more than 100 GWh (1 GWh = '000 kWh) waste heat per year. Options to use this energy to heat villages failed due to cost reasons. Today 40 GWh of the waste heat are turned into ecologically sound electricity and up to 30 GWh will be used for the production of tropical fruit and fish as a contribution to substitute energy consuming imports».

JENSSEN, P.D. (2005): Decentralized urban greywater treatment at Klosterenga Oslo. In: BOHEMEN, H. v. (ed.) Ecological engineering, Bridging between ecology and civil engineering. Delft (The Netherlands): Æneas Technical Publishers, Chapter 5, 5.6.5, pp 84-86. URL [Accessed: 27.01.2019] PDF
Direct Ground Injection of livestock waste slurry to avoid ammonia emission

«The aim of the project was to improve the slurry injection techniques for injecting animal waste slurries into the soil under Norwegian conditions. A new slurry application technique for grassland was therefore developed, by adapting well known methods of injecting a fluid into a solid or porous material. Ammonia emission was reduced as compared with application through ordinary broadcasting, and with band spreading. The emission was also reduced if water was added to the slurry, or if the slurry solids were separated from the liquid before application».

MORKEN, J. and SAKSHAUG, S. (1998): Direct Ground Injection of livestock waste slurry to avoid ammonia emission. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 51 (1), 59–63. URL [Accessed: 27.01.2019] PDF
Design and performance of ecological sanitation systems in Norway

«At present municipalities as well as the Agricultural University of Norway is considering conversion to a fully recycling and watersaving sanitation system. This interest has been rised through successful demonstration projects where both the toilet and the greywater fraction is treated. The greywater is treated to swimming water quality. New energy efficient equipment for fertilizer application is developed and the yields using liquid organic fertilizer is comparable to the yields using mineral fertilizer».

JENSSEN, P.D. (2002): Design and performance of ecological sanitation systems in Norway. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation, Nanning, China. URL [Accessed: 27.01.2019] PDF
Sustainable wastewater management in urban areas

“This chapter discusses briefly some sustainable solutions to the wastewater treatment problem in urban areas. The emphasis is given to systems where wastewater is source separated. Systems which source separation opens the possibility of producing fertilizer and energy from wastewater and organic waste, hence, near complete recycling of wastewater and waste resources is made feasible. These are all important factors when evaluating sustainability”.

JENSSEN, P.D., GREATOREX, J. AND WARNER, W.S. (2004): Sustainable wastewater management in urban areas. Kurs WH 33, Konzeptionen Dezentralisierter Abwasserreinigung und Stoffstrommanagement. Universitat Hannover, Weiterbildendes Studium Bauingenieurwesen Wasser und Umwelt. URL [Accessed: 27.01.2019] PDF
Source separation of urine
JÖNSSON, H., VINNERÅS, B., HÖGLUND, C. and STENSTRÖM, T.A. (1994): Source separation of urine. Wasser & Boden 51(11), 21-25. URL [Accessed: 25.01.2019]