(Semi-)Centralised Wastewater Treatments
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(Semi-)Centralised Wastewater Treatments
Advanced Integrated Ponds
Advanced integrated wastewater pond systems (AIWPS), advanced integrated pond systems (AIPS) or advanced integrated ponds (AIPs) are an adaptation of…
Aerated Pond
An aerated pond is a large, mixed aerobic reactor. Mechanical aerators provide oxygen and keep the aerobic organisms suspended and mixed with water…
Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP)
Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are large, man-made water bodies. The ponds can be used individually, or linked in a series for improved treatment.…
Fish Pond (Aquaculture)
Fish can be grown in ponds that receive effluent or sludge where they can feed on algae and other organisms that grow in the nutrient-rich water. The…
Anaerobic Filter
An anaerobic filter is a fixed-bed biological reactor with one or more filtration chambers in series. As wastewater flows through the filter,…
Activated Sludge
An activated sludge process refers to a multi-chamber reactor unit that makes use of highly concentrated microorganisms to degrade organics and…
Rotating Biological Contactors
Rotating biological contactors (RBC), also called rotating biological filters, are fixed-bed reactors consisting of stacks of rotating disks mounted…
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB)
The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) is a single tank process. Wastewater enters the reactor from the bottom, and flows upward. A…
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)
An anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is an improved [8217-septic tank] with a series of baffles under which the wastewater is forced to flow. The…
Trickling Filter
A trickling filter, is a fixed-bed, biological reactor that operates under (mostly) aerobic conditions. Pre-settled wastewater is continuously ‘…
Septic Tank
A septic tank is a watertight chamber made of concrete, fibreglass, PVC or plastic, through which blackwater and greywater flows for primary…
Anaerobic Digestion (Large-Scale)
Large-scale anaerobic biogas digesters are reactors used for the conversion of the organic fraction of large volumes of slurries and sludge into…
Settler
A settler is a primary treatment technology for wastewater; it is designed to remove suspended solids by sedimentation. It may also be referred to as…
Retention Basin
Retention basins are among the most frequently implemented storm water management systems. They are used to collect surface runoff and to improve the…
Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland
A free-water surface constructed wetland aims to replicate the naturally occurring processes of a natural wetland, marsh or swamp. As water slowly…
Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland
A horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlandis a large gravel and sand-filled basin that is planted with wetland vegetation. As wastewater flows…
Hybrid Constructed Wetland
Different types of constructed wetlands can be combined in order to achieve a higher treatment efficiency by using the advantages of individual…
Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland
A vertical flow constructed wetland is a planted filter bed that is drained at the bottom. Wastewater is poured or dosed onto the surface from above…
Non-planted Filters
A non-planted filter is a box filled with sand and gravel, through which wastewater flows and is filtered. There are several types of non-planted…
Floating Plant Pond
A floating plant pond is a modified maturation pond with floating (macrophyte) plants. Plants such as water hyacinths or duckweed float on the…
Fixed Film Activated Sludge
Integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) is a relatively new technology that describes any suspended growth system that incorporates an attached…
Anammox
Anammox stands for Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation. The process was discovered in the early nineties and has great potential for the removal of ammonia…
Advanced Oxidation Processes
Hazardous organic waste, widely spread in water by industrial, military and domestic sources, is an emerging issue. Advanced Oxidation Processes (…
Stormwater Management
Stormwater management means to manage surface runoff. It can be applied in rural areas (e.g. to harvest precipitation water), but is essential in…
Adsorption (Activated Carbon)
Activated carbon filtration is a commonly used technology based on the adsorption of contaminants onto the surface of a filter. This method is…
Membrane Filtration
Membranes are thin and porous sheets of material able to separate contaminants from water when a driving force is applied. Once considered a viable…
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange is a water treatment method where one or more undesirable ionic contaminants are removed from water by exchange with another non-…
Ozonation
Ozonation (also referred to as ozonisation) is a chemical water treatment technique based on the infusion of ozone into water. Ozone is a gas…
H2O2
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a colourless water-like liquid, is one of the most versatile, reliable and environmentally friendly oxidising agents. The…
Membrane Bioreactor
Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) are treatment processes, which integrate a perm-selective or semi-permeable membrane with a biological process (JUDD 2011…
Compost Filter
The compost filter is a fairly new method for pre-treating wastewater. There are two different methods: two chamber compost filters or compost filter…
Pre-Treatment Technologies
Pre-treatment is the preliminary removal of wastewater or sludge constituents, such as oil, grease, and various solids (e.g., sand, fibres and trash…
Disinfection and Tertiary Filtration
Depending on the end-use of the effluent or national standards for discharge in water bodies, a post-treatment step may be required to remove…