A safe drinking water supply is critical to the well being of the community and catchment protection is necessary to help avoid, minimise or manage risks to water quality. This document analyses the current situation of two springs in Australia and proposes how protection could be enhanced and implemented.
DOW (2007): Leeuwin Spring Catchment Area and Fisher Road Wellfield Water Reserve Drinking Water Source Protection Plan. Perth: Department of Water (DOW) URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDF
InterAide started a new O&M project in 2008 in three different districts located in the central region of Malawi. This report provides a description of the project, including the financial and human resource inputs.
SAINT MELOIR, B. de (2009): InterAide Support to Operation and Maintenance of Rural Water Supplies in Malawi in 2008. St. Gallen: Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDF
This highly recommended publication comprises everything regarding the establishment of a spring-based water supply system. It elaborates on the underlying hydrogeological principles, preparatory investigations, design, construction, operation and maintenance, and it discusses the most common mistakes made on spring catchments.
MEULI, C. WEHRLE, K. (2001): Spring Catchment. (= Series of Manuals on Drinking Water Supply , 4 ). St. Gallen: Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Management (SKAT) URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDF
This book provides a general introduction to a wide range of technologies. Among the topics covered are: planning and management of small water supplies, community water supplies in Central and Eastern European countries, water quality and quantity, integrated water resources management, artificial recharge, rainwater harvesting, spring water tapping, groundwater withdrawal, water lifting, surface water intake, water treatment, aeration, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, multi-stage filtration, desalination technology, disinfection, household level water treatment, technologies for arsenic and iron removal from ground water, and emergency and disaster water supply. Chapter 23: Technologies for Arsenic Removal
SMET, J. ; WIJK, C. van (2002): Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and Partnership: Technologies for Arsenic Removal - Chapter 23. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDF
This book provides a general introduction to a wide range of technologies. Among the topics covered are: planning and management of small water supplies, community water supplies in Central and Eastern European countries, water quality and quantity, integrated water resources management, artificial recharge, rainwater harvesting, spring water tapping, groundwater withdrawal, water lifting, surface water intake, water treatment, aeration, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, multi-stage filtration, desalination technology, disinfection, household level water treatment, technologies for arsenic and iron removal from ground water, and emergency and disaster water supply.
SMET, J. ; WIJK, C. van (2002): Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and Partnership: Spring Water Tapping - Chapter 8. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), pp. 151-168. URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDF
This report describes the periodic maintenance needed for spring boxes and seep collection systems to make them operate effectively in the long-term.
WFTW (n.y): Maintaining Structures for Springs. Technical Note No. RWS. 1.0.1. Washington, D.C.: Water for the World (WFTW), U.S. Agency for International Development URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDFThe Web Map Application aims at visualising hydrogeological information collected within the WHYMAP project on a global scale. For more regional or country level interest, additional information on available hydrogeological maps is provided.
This Technical Brief looks at spring protection including the catchment area, the immediate area around the spring and the construction of spring boxes. It also highlights two methods of reducing sediments in the water coming from large springs and introduces alternative protection methods to spring boxes.
OXFAM (2008): Spring Protection. Technical Brief. Oxford: Oxfam International URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDF
Where access to construction material, tool and skills are limited, construction has to get on with simple and effective measures. This nicely illustrated manual explains how to upgrade small wells by means of constructing a concrete apron using only basic material and very limited equipment.
MORGAN, P. (2011): The Upgraded Family Well. How to Construct. Harare: Aquamor Pvt Ltd. URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDF
This book provides a general introduction to a wide range of technologies. Among the topics covered are: planning and management of small water supplies, community water supplies in Central and Eastern European countries, water quality and quantity, integrated water resources management, artificial recharge, rainwater harvesting, spring water tapping, groundwater withdrawal, water lifting, surface water intake, water treatment, aeration, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, multi-stage filtration, desalination technology, disinfection, household level water treatment, technologies for arsenic and iron removal from ground water, and emergency and disaster water supply. Chapter 9: Pumping
SMET, J. ; WIJK, C. van (2002): Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and Partnership: Pumping - Chapter 9. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDF
This book is written in a non-technical language and elaborates on the construction of a shallow well, its protection, and the improvement of a traditional well.
LAVER, S. (1970): Well Digging - A Guide to the Construction and Protection of Hand Dug Wells. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDF
This book provides a general introduction to a wide range of technologies. Among the topics covered are: planning and management of small water supplies, community water supplies in Central and Eastern European countries, water quality and quantity, integrated water resources management, artificial recharge, rainwater harvesting, spring water tapping, groundwater withdrawal, water lifting, surface water intake, water treatment, aeration, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, multi-stage filtration, desalination technology, disinfection, household level water treatment, technologies for arsenic and iron removal from ground water, and emergency and disaster water supply. Chapter 10: Groundwater Withdrawal
SMET, J. ; WIJK, C. van (2002): Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and Partnership: Groundwater Withdrawal - Chapter 10. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDF
This technical note suggests guidelines for choosing the most appropriate surface water source for a community. It describes methods for measuring the quantity of water available from a surface source, and establishes four priorities for source selection.
WFTW (n.y): Selecting a Source of Surface Water. Technical Note No. RWS. 1.P.3. Washington, D.C.: Water for the World (WFTW), U.S. Agency for International Development URL [Accessed: 08.03.2019] PDF
