البِركة المُهوّاة Aerated Pond هي عبارة عن مُفاعل كبير للخلط الهوائي. تُزوّد أجهزة التهوية الميكانيكية المُفاعل بالأكسجين، وتُحافظ على الكائنات الحية الهوائية مُعلّقة ومُختلطة مع الماء؛ لتحقيق مُعدَّل عالٍ من التحلل العضوي.
زيادة الخلط والتهوية بواسطة الوحدات الميكانيكية في البِرَك المُهوّاة تعني أن البِرَك يُمكن أن تكون أعمق وتستطيع تحمّل أحمال عضوية أعلى بكثيرٍ من بركة الإنضاج. وزيادة التهوية تسمح بزيادة التحلل وزيادة إزالة مسببات الأمراض. كذلك، وبسبب أن الأكسجين يتم إدخاله عن طريق الوحدات الميكانيكية -وليس عن طريق التمثيل الضوئي- فإنه يُمكن للبِرَك أن تؤدي وظيفتها في المناخات الشمالية (حيث فترة النهار القصيرة).
| المُدخلات | المُخرَجات |
|---|---|
التدفقات السائلة الخارجة, المياه السوداء ,المياه البُنِّية,المياه الرمادية |
التدفقات السائلة الخارجة , الحمأة |
يُمكن أن تُعالجَ البِركةُ المُهوّاة بطريقة ميكانيكية التدفقاتِ السائلةِ الداخلةَ عاليةَ التركيز بكفاءة عالية، وتُخفض بشكل كبير من مستويات مسببات الأمراض. ومن المهم للغاية أن تعمل خدمة الكهرباء بدون انقطاع، وأن تتوفر قطع الغيار لمنع الأعطال طويلة المدة والتي يُمكن أن تتسبب في تحويل البِركة إلى بِركة لاهوائية نتيجة توقف الإمداد بالهواء.
يُمكن استخدام البِرك المُهوّاة في كلٍّ من البيئات الريفية وشبه الحضرية، وهي مُناسبة بصورة أكبر للمناطق التي تحتوي على مساحات كبيرة من الأراضي غير المُكلفة، والتي تقع بعيدًا عن المنازل ومناطق الأعمال. البِرَك المُهوّاة يُمكن أن تعمل في نطاق أوسع للمناخات من بِرَك تثبيت المخلفات السائلة )الأكسدة ( كما أن مُتطلبات المساحة تكون أصغر مُقارنة ببِركة الإنضاج.
التدفقات السائلة الداخلة Influent للبِرَك المُهوّاة يجب أن يتم تصفيتها، وتتم المُعالجة الأولية لها من أجل إزالة القمامة والجسيمات الكبيرة، والتي يمكن أن تعارض معدات التهوية. ولأن وحدات التهوية تَمزِج وتَخلِط محتويات البِركة، فإن البِرَك يجب أن تُتبَع بخزَّانِ ترسيبِ التدفقاتِ السائلة ِالخارجةِ؛ وذلك لفصلها عن المواد الصلبة.
اعتمادًا على هدف المُعالجة يَنبغى أن يتم إنشاء البِركة بعمقٍ يتراوح من 2 إلى 5 أمتار، ويجب أن يكون مدة احتجاز الماء بها من 3 إلى 20 يومًا.
لمنع التسريب (الرشح)؛ يجب أن تحتوي البِركة على بطانة عازلة، ويُمكن عمل البطانة الخاصة بالبِركة من الطين، أو الأسفلت، أو التربة المدكوكة، أو أي مادة غير مُنفذة للسوائل. ولحماية البِركة من الجريان السطحي والانجراف، فإنَّه يجب بناء حاجز واقٍ حول البِركة باستخدام المواد الناتجة عن عمليات الحفر.
البِركة هي مُحتوي شاسع من مياه الصرف المليئة بمُسببات الأمراض؛ لذلك يَجِب توخّي الحذر لضمان عدم تلامس أي أحد بالمياه أو أن يخوض فيها.
وحدات التهوية يُمكن أن تُمثِّل خطورة على الأفراد والحيوانات؛ لذا فإنَّ الحواجز، أو اللافتات التحذيرية، أو غيرها من الإجراءات ينبغي أن يتم اتخاذها لمنع الدخول إلى تلك المنطقة.
تتطلب البِرَك المُهوّاة العمالة الدائمة من أصحاب الخبرة؛ لمتابعة وصيانة ماكِنات التهوية، ويجب إزالة الحمأة كل عامين إلى خمسة أعوام. كما يجب توخّي الحذر لضمان أن لا تُستخدم البِركة لإلقاء القمامة خاصةً عند اعتبار الضرر الذي يُمكن أن يحدث لمُعِدّات التهوية.
الدليل التصميمى لمحطات معالجة مياة الصرف الصحى بالمملكة .
Language: Arabic
ارشادات فى تصميم وتشغيل وصيانة محطات معالجة المياة العادمة
مقرر محطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي
Notes in the Design and Operation of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Warm Climates of Developing Countries
Anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds as wells as aerated lagoon systems are presented as an appropriate solution in developing countries where sewerage systems are present. The technical content was reviewed by Prof. Duncan Mara (University of Leeds, England). Detailed design, operation and maintenance guidance is given. Hence, this paper can be useful as a technical manual.
ARTHUR, J.P. (1983): Notes in the Design and Operation of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Warm Climates of Developing Countries . (= World Bank Technical Paper , 7 ). Washington: The World Bank URL [Accessed: 08.05.2018] PDFSmall and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems
Decentralised wastewater management presents a comprehensive approach to the design of both conventional and innovative systems for the treatment and disposal of wastewater or the reuse of treaded effluent. Smaller treatment plants, which are the concern of most new engineers, are the primary focus of this book.
CRITES, R. TCHOBANOGLOUS, G. (1998): Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies IncInfluence of pH, Oxygen, and Humic Substances on Ability of Sunlight to Damage Faecal Coliforms in Waste Stabilization Pond Water
This scientific article describes how solar light and oxygen lead to damage of faecal coliforms in waste stabilization ponds. Humic substances absorb the energy of the sunlight and react with surrounding oxygen, leading to the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS).
CURTIS, T.P. ; MARA, D.D. ; SILVA, S.A. (1992): Influence of pH, Oxygen, and Humic Substances on Ability of Sunlight to Damage Faecal Coliforms in Waste Stabilization Pond Water. المُدخلات: Applied and Environmental Microbiology : Volume 58 , 1335-1343. URL [Accessed: 02.04.2010]Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Methods for Developing Countries
Different operation and maintenance options are presented with respect to sustainable plant operation, the use of local resources, knowledge, and manpower.
NATURGERECHTE TECHNOLOGIEN, BAU- UND WIRTSCHAFTSBERATUNG (TBW) GmbH (2001): Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Methods for Developing Countries. GTZ and GATEDEWATS
Exhaustive report on technological, operational and economic aspects of decentralised waste water treatment systems. Spreadsheet examples support the reader in designing and planning waste water treatment systems components.
SASSE, L. BORDA (1998): DEWATS. Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA) URL [Accessed: 03.06.2019]Part Three: Stabilization Ponds
Almost 200 pages on the treatment process and design parameters of waste stabilisation ponds. Very exhaustive.
SPERLING, M. von (2005): Part Three: Stabilization Ponds. المُدخلات: SPERLING, M. von ; LEMOS CHERNICHARO, C.A. de ; (2005): Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions Volume 1. London: 495-646. URL [Accessed: 16.02.2011]Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse
Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 28.07.2014] PDFCompendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. LUETHI, C. MOREL, A. ZURBRUEGG, C. SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) and Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) URL [Accessed: 15.02.2010] PDFOnsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual
Rather old design manual for onsite wastewater treatment options. However, valuable information on established systems such as septic tanks, sand filters, aerobic treatment units (suspended growth and fixed film), disinfection, nutrient removal as well as wastewater segregation and recycling are given. Additional information is given on disposal methods and appurtenances.
U.S.EPA (1980): Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual. (= EPA 625/1-80 , 12 ). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Office of Research and DevelopmentOnsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual Technology Fact Sheet 5. Fixed-Film Processes
Technical factsheet on aerobic fixed-film processes (trickling filters and rotating biological contactors). Applications, main design assumptions, performance and maintenance are discussed.
U.S.EPA (2002): Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual Technology Fact Sheet 5. Fixed-Film Processes. المُدخلات: U.S.EPA (1980): Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual. 008.Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic)
This is the Arabic version of the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. The Compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. SCHERTENLEIB, R. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic). 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) PDFNotes in the Design and Operation of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Warm Climates of Developing Countries
Anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds as wells as aerated lagoon systems are presented as an appropriate solution in developing countries where sewerage systems are present. The technical content was reviewed by Prof. Duncan Mara (University of Leeds, England). Detailed design, operation and maintenance guidance is given. Hence, this paper can be useful as a technical manual.
ARTHUR, J.P. (1983): Notes in the Design and Operation of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Warm Climates of Developing Countries . (= World Bank Technical Paper , 7 ). Washington: The World Bank URL [Accessed: 08.05.2018] PDFInfluence of pH, Oxygen, and Humic Substances on Ability of Sunlight to Damage Faecal Coliforms in Waste Stabilization Pond Water
This scientific article describes how solar light and oxygen lead to damage of faecal coliforms in waste stabilization ponds. Humic substances absorb the energy of the sunlight and react with surrounding oxygen, leading to the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS).
CURTIS, T.P. ; MARA, D.D. ; SILVA, S.A. (1992): Influence of pH, Oxygen, and Humic Substances on Ability of Sunlight to Damage Faecal Coliforms in Waste Stabilization Pond Water. المُدخلات: Applied and Environmental Microbiology : Volume 58 , 1335-1343. URL [Accessed: 02.04.2010]Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Lecture Notes
Lecture notes on technical and non-technical aspects of sanitation systems in developing countries.
EAWAG/SANDEC (2008): Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Lecture Notes . (= Sandec Training Tool 1.0, Module 4 ). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC)Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems
Decentralised wastewater management presents a comprehensive approach to the design of both conventional and innovative systems for the treatment and disposal of wastewater or the reuse of treaded effluent. Smaller treatment plants, which are the concern of most new engineers, are the primary focus of this book.
CRITES, R. TCHOBANOGLOUS, G. (1998): Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies IncOnsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual
Rather old design manual for onsite wastewater treatment options. However, valuable information on established systems such as septic tanks, sand filters, aerobic treatment units (suspended growth and fixed film), disinfection, nutrient removal as well as wastewater segregation and recycling are given. Additional information is given on disposal methods and appurtenances.
U.S.EPA (1980): Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual. (= EPA 625/1-80 , 12 ). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Office of Research and DevelopmentEpuration des eaux usées par Lagunage a Microphytes et a Macrophytes en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre- Etat des lieux, performances épuratoires et critères de dimensionnement
Stabilization ponds are a very promising sustainable centralized wastewater treatment option for West Africa due to the favourable climate. Pilot studies could demonstrate their performance in the local context; however none of the full-scale applications works. Besides the poor economic situation and little political support, it is also the lack of training and research that contributes to this situation. This work presents the establishment of an international research collaboration network and main technical recommendations based on an exhaustive assessment on the state-of-the-art of stabilization ponds in the West-African context.
KONE, D. (2002): Epuration des eaux usées par Lagunage a Microphytes et a Macrophytes en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre- Etat des lieux, performances épuratoires et critères de dimensionnement. (= Doctoral Thesis ). Lausanne: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL).Language: French
Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse
Part Three: Stabilization Ponds
Almost 200 pages on the treatment process and design parameters of waste stabilisation ponds. Very exhaustive.
SPERLING, M. von (2005): Part Three: Stabilization Ponds. المُدخلات: SPERLING, M. von ; LEMOS CHERNICHARO, C.A. de ; (2005): Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions Volume 1. London: 495-646. URL [Accessed: 16.02.2011]Waste Stabilisation Ponds
This document provides information and instructions on waste stabilisation ponds. Various case studies are mentioned, e.g. the wastewater-fed fishponds in Calcutta in India.
VARON, M. P. MARA, D. D. (2004): Waste Stabilisation Ponds. Delft: International Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Accessed: 17.05.2012]Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 28.07.2014] PDFWater for Urban Agriculture
Aerated, Partial Mix Lagoons
Short factsheet on the design, operation, maintenance and costs of aerated lagoons (partially mixed ponds) form the United States Environment Protection Agency.
EPA (2002): Aerated, Partial Mix Lagoons. (= Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet ). Washington, D.C.: United States Environment Protection Agency (US EPA) URL [Accessed: 26.03.2010]Part Three: Stabilization Ponds
Almost 200 pages on the treatment process and design parameters of waste stabilisation ponds. Very exhaustive.
SPERLING, M. von (2005): Part Three: Stabilization Ponds. المُدخلات: SPERLING, M. von ; LEMOS CHERNICHARO, C.A. de ; (2005): Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions Volume 1. London: 495-646. URL [Accessed: 16.02.2011]Wastewater stabilization ponds: Principles of planning and practice.
The book has been divided in two parts. Part A provides a comprehensive summary concerning the various aspects of constructing, operating and maintaining pond systems. It also considers aspects such as management and safety. Part B is intended for persons making the preliminary designs on which cost estimates and, hence, choices can be made. In particular, the appendix and annex provide a working example and a simple methodology to help the designer in preparing adequately detailed designs.
WHO (1987): Wastewater stabilization ponds: Principles of planning and practice.. (= WHO EMRO Technical Publication , 10 ). Alexandria: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterraneanhttp://www.lagoonsonline.com/eagle.htm
In 1974, the Eagle Lake Water & Sewer District began planning for a sewer system and treatment facility. Because all surface waters within the District's limits flow into Eagle Lake, a valuable recreational resource, it was decided that some form of land treatment would be required.
http://www.lagoonsonline.com/desopreg.htm
The mission of the Maine Lagoon Systems website is to promote clean water resources through lagoon systems. The general concept of biological treatment and nitrification in lagoons and ponds as well as data, design considerations and regulatory issues are discussed. Useful articles on different technical issues can be downloaded as PDF.