This is a compilation of various HWTS studies, research, case studies and technologies with useful links.
USAID and CDC/Safewater (2006): A Bibliography on Point-of-Use Water Disinfection. Environmental Health . Washington and Atlanta: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
Factsheet compilation on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of HWTS options (simplified version).
CAWST (2009): Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets - Simplified. Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
Ultrafiltration (UF) has been proven to be very effective in the treatment of water for the removal of particles, colloids and microorganisms. However, household application of UF is limited due to membrane fouling which results in complex and maintenance-intensive UF systems. In gravity-driven membrane disinfection (GDMD) technology, a stable membrane flux of 4-10 L.h-1m-2 is observed during ultrafiltration without any back flushing, chemical cleaning or an external energy supply for over 24 months, while operated at relatively low pressures (40-65 cm of water column). This novel approach to operate UF systems at stable flux conditions can be considered an important breakthrough in membrane technology, as it allows development of a robust, maintenance-free, low-cost and user-friendly household water treatment system, which has a great potential for implementation.
PETER-VARBANETS, M. JOHNSTON, R. MEIERHOFER, R. KAGE, F. PRONK, W. (2011): Gravity-Driven Membrane Disinfection for Household Drinking Water Treatment. Loughborough, UK: 35th WEDC International Conference URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
Factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of arsenic removal via adsorption for drinking water treatment in developing countries.
CAWST (2009): Arsenic Removal. Adsorption. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic ). Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
This paper discusses the proper management and reuse of sludge generated during the treatment of arsenic contaminated water. It investigates the suitability of sludge in making brick. Results of different tests indicate the sludge proportion is the key factor for determining the quality of ornamental bricks/tiles. The study showed that arsenic contaminated sludge could be used safely up to a rate of 4% for making ornamental bricks.
MAHZUZ, H. M. A. ; ALAM, R. ; ALAM, M. M. ; BASAK, R. ; ISLAM, M.S. (2009): Use of Arsenic Contaminated Sludge in Making Ornamental Bricks. In: International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 6: Volume 2 , 291-298. URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
Factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of ceramic pot filters for drinking water treatment in developing countries.
CAWST (2009): Ceramic Pot Filter. Fact Sheet - Academic. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic ). Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
Globally, the burden of ill‐health in Africa due to unsafe drinkingwater, inadequate sanitation and polluted indoor air stands out prominently. This report explores the possibilities, advantages and implications of integrating interventions on indoor pollution and household water treatment.
SHAHEED, A. BRUCE, N. (2011): Combined Household Water Treatment and Indoor Air Pollution Projects in Urban Mambanda, Cameroon and Rural Nyanza, Kenya. (= Report of a Mission to Mambanda, Cameroon and Nyanza, Kenya, 2009 ). Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
This technical brief presents the current options for safe storage and overview of seven types of point of use water treatment options. It also explains the working mechanism, and discusses the microbiological effectiveness of ceramic candle filter as well as community acceptance and sustainability.
OXFAM (2008): Household Treatment and Storage . (= Technical Brief No. 4 ). Oxford: OXFAM URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
Factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of ceramic candle filters for drinking water treatment in developing countries.
CAWST (2009): Ceramic Candle Filter. Fact Sheet - Academic. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic ). Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]Webpage on the ceramic water filter: context, application and technology.
This Technical Brief is the first of two examining the treatment of water in the home. The subject is introduced, and treatment by straining, storage, settlement, solar disinfection, chemical disinfection, and boiling are covered.
SKINNER, B. SHAW, R. (1999): Household water treatment 1. London & Loughborough: Water And Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (Well). Technical Brief 58 URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
This book provides a general introduction to a wide range of technologies. Among the topics covered are: planning and management of small water supplies, community water supplies in Central and Eastern European countries, water quality and quantity, integrated water resources management, artificial recharge, rainwater harvesting, spring water tapping, groundwater withdrawal, water lifting, surface water intake, water treatment, aeration, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, multi-stage filtration, desalination technology, disinfection, household level water treatment, technologies for arsenic and iron removal from ground water, and emergency and disaster water supply. Chapter 18: Desanilation Technology
SMET, J. ; WIJK, C. van (2002): Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and Partnership: Desalination Technology - Chapter 18. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
Summary and brief evaluation of main household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) options for developing countries. Options described are: chlorination, biosand filtration, ceramic filtration, solar disinfection, filtration and chlorination, flocculation and chlorination.
LANTAGNE, D. S. QUICK, R. MINTZ, E.D. (2006): Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Options in Developing Countries. Review of Current Implementation Practices. In: ECSP (2006): Water Stories: Expanding Opportunities in small-scale Water and Sanitation Projects. Washington D.C.: 17-38. URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
This work presents a case study that describes the development of low-cost techniques for efficient arsenic control in drinking water. Iron oxide was used for arsenic removal and high removal efficiencies were monitored during the process of removal.
DUARTE A.A.L.S. ; CARDOSO, S.J.A. ; ALCADA, A.J. (2009): Emerging and Innovative Techniques for Arsenic Removal Applied to a Small Water Supply System. In: Sustainability: Volume 1 , 1288-1304. URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]
The purpose of this paper is to describe the development, knowledge and the present design of the concrete household biosand water filter in a manner easily understood by readers who may or may not have advanced training in water treatment engineering.
MANZ, D.H. (2004): Biosand Water Filter Technology Household Concrete Design. URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]
This paper provides detail information on shock chlorination. It is also available at www.oznet.ksu.edu
POWELL, M ROGERS, D.H. WILLINGHAM, J.M. (2005): Shock Chlorination for Private Water Systems. Kansas State University URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]
This handbook is a comprehensive a new tool to help UNICEF WASH field professionals, but it will also be useful to other UNICEF staff and for partners in government, other external support agencies, NGOs and civil society. The handbook provides an introduction to all aspects of water quality, with a particular focus on the areas most relevant to professionals working in developing countries. It covers the effects of poor water quality, quality monitoring, the protection of water supplies, methods for improving water quality, and building awareness and capacity related to water quality.
UNICEF (2008): UNICEF Handbook on Water Quality. New York: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]
Many of the most common diseases found in traumatized communities after a disaster or emergency are related to drinking contaminated water. This factsheet concentrates on the problems caused by drinking water contaminated by micro-organisms and their reduction by chlorination.
WHO (2005): How to measure chlorine residual in water. (= Technical Notes for Emergencies , 11 ). Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]
Extensive factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of ceramic candle filters for drinking water treatment.
CAWST (2009): Biosand Filter. Factsheet. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic ). Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]