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This article outlines some key features of these membrane-based technologies and describes how they can be adapted to supply safe drinking water in remote communities and rural regions from the developing world.

FARCY, M. ; DOUCOURE, A. (2010): Membrane Systems for the Fight against Water-Borne Contaminants in Small Communities and Remote Areas from the Developing World: Accomplishments in Thailand and Some New Development in Sénégal and Mali . In: The Open Biology Journal: Volume 3 , 74-80. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This report presents a literature review on nanofiltration.

THORSEN, T. FLOGSTAD, H. (2006): Nanofiltration in Drinking Water Treatment. Nieuwegein, The Netherlands: Techneau URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This article presents a review of the technologies and processes which are used for water and wastewater treatment in order to remove the various constituents of the polluting load: solids organic carbon, nutrients, inorganic salts and metals, pathogens. A second part describes the advanced processes to reuse treated municipal effluents in agriculture and industries and the main technologies used for desalination.

BOARI, G. ; MANCINI, I.M. ; TRULLI, E. (1997): Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment. In: Séminaires Méditerranéens: Volume 31 , 261-287. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This document is about the combination of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis for the production of deionised water from surface waters.

CLEVER, M. ; JORDT, F. ; KNAUF, R. ; RABIGER, N. ; RUDEBUSCH, M. ; HILKER-SCHEIBEL, R. (2000): Process Water Production from River Water by Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis . In: Desalination: Volume 131 , 325-336. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8sMAolVUEw [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

Check out the movie about this low cost rollable water container for developing countries

RADCLIFF, R. ZARNADZE, A. (2004): Application of Membrane Technology to the Production of Drinking Water. Tucson, AZ: Water Conditioning & Purification Magazine URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This brochure gives an overview of the large assortment of water storage plastic tank products.

PRACTICAL PLASTICS (n.y): Product Catalogue. Darwin: Practical Plastics Ltd URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE (2008): Membrane Processes. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Science URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

PURAIR (n.y): Wood based Powder Activated Carbon. Hebei (China): Purair Carbon Filter Company URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This case study was conducted in Bandung, India. It was investigated to what extent conventional slow sand filters could be improved through backwashing measures and improved aeration processes.

JOSEPHINNE, M. NOTODARMOJO, S. IRSYAD, M. (n.y): Evaluation of single stage dry slow sand filter in removing some physical pollutants from surface water. Case Study of the Cikapundung River. Bandung: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering ITB URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

OXFAM with its long-standing experience in WASH emergencies outlines within these guidelines a comprehensive overview about assessing water quality, treatment technologies, application, installation strategies for bulk water supply and additionally the operation and monitoring of such facilities during emergency operations.

OXFAM (2001): Oxfam Guidelines for Water Treatment in Emergencies. Oxford: Oxfam GB URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

This comprehensive and very well-presented guideline provides much information on the selection and treatment of water sources but also discusses the design and costing of the water supply system, the ordering of material and equipment, the organisation of human resources, and the implementation of projects.

HOUSE, S. REED, B. (1997): Emergency Water Sources. Guidelines for Selection and Treatment. Loughborough: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

Contains all necessary information related to water needs, quality, testing, catchment, treatment, storage and distribution in emergencies, as well as health related issues. Well structured, not too long, good illustrations and graphics.

WISNER, B. ; ADAMS, J. (2002): Environmental Health in Emergencies and Disasters. Chapter 7: Water Supply. A Practical Guide. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

IFRC (2005): Potential New Technologies and Testing of Mobile Water Treatment Units. Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

KJAERGAARD, E. HEIJNEN, H. ADHIKARI, D. ADHIKARY, S. (2007): Environmental Health in Emergencies. Technical Notes on Water and Sanitation. Kathmandu: World Health Organization (WHO). Emergency and Humanitarian Action (EHA) Publication Nº20 URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

This extensive handbook from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) on emergency responses reflects the multiple dimensions of an emergency response, ranging from emergency management to emergency operations and their support. The handbook mainly looks at emergencies where populations have been displaced from their former living environment.

UNHCR (2007): Handbook for Emergencies. Third Edition. Geneva: UNHCR Emergency Preparedness and Response Section URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

KAYAGA, S. REED, B. (2011): Emergency Treatment of Drinking-Water at the Point of Use. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

AEPPLI, J. ; DYER-SMITH, P. (1996): Ozonation and Granular Activated Carbon Filtration the Solution to Many Problems. In: Proceedings of the First Australiasian Conference of the International Ozone Association: URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

This document outlines the social and economical relevance of photocatalysis, provides background information on the technology, and highlights further challenges to be addressed.

MULLER, N. ; NOWACK, B. ; OY, S. ; SAARI, J. (2010): Photocatalysis for Water Treatment. In: ObservatoryNANO Briefings: URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

The most common technologies for arsenic removal utilise conventional processes like oxidation, co-precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange and membrane techniques. The paper gives a short review of all these technologies, which are used in Bangladesh and India.

AHMED, M. F. (2001): An Overview of Arsenic Removal Technologies in Bangladesh and India. In: BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ; UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY (2001): Technologies for Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water. Dhaka: 251-269. URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]