This paper includes findings of a twelve-week effectiveness study of point of use water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant among 400 households in camps for displaced populations in Monrovia, Liberia.
DOOCY, S. ; BURNHAM, G. (2006): Point-of-use Water Treatment and Diarrhoea Reduction in the Emergency Context: an Effectiveness Trial in Liberia. In: Tropical Medicine and International Health: Volume 11 , 1542-1552. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
This report describes an evaluation of an integrated ion exchange regeneration process for perchlorate treatment in drinking water. Integrated ion exchange combines: conventional ion exchange with perchlorate selective resin for wellhead treatment of perchlorate contaminated water, regeneration of resin using tetrachloroferrate (FeCl4-) anion and then returning the resin to service, and the destruction or disposal of perchlorate recovered from the resin.
DOD ; SERDP ; ESTCP (2010): Integrated Ion Exchange Regeneration Process for Perchlorate in Drinking Water. Alexandria (USA): US Department of Defense (DoD), Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
The intent of this paper is to provide cursory information about coagulation, flocculation and clarification. This knowledge will provide a basis for understanding the needs of the customer wishing to monitor these processes.
ENGELHARDT, R.L. (2010): Coagulation, Flocculation and Clarification of Drinking Water. HACH company URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
This website provides a summary of coagulation-flocculation sedimentation processes including combined technologies such as Flocculation-Chlorination.
Both reverse osmosis and ion exchange technologies are well established and have reached advanced levels of development. Comparison of the two processes for water demineralisation can therefore be reliably made and cost comparisons can be carried out on a case-by-case basis. This document examines the significant factors that should be taken into account in the comparison and gives guidelines for decision making.
PUROLITE INTERNATIONAL (2003): Guidelines for Selecting Resin Ion Exchange or Reverse Osmosis for Feed Water Demineralisation. In: Purolite.com: URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
The acute toxicity of arsenic at high concentrations has been known about for centuries. It was only relatively recently that a strong adverse effect on health was discovered to be associated with long-term exposure to even very low arsenic concentrations. Drinking water is now recognised as the major source of human intake of arsenic in its most toxic (inorganic) forms.
PETRUSEVSKI, B. SHARMA, S. SCHIPPERS, J.C. SHORDT, K. (2007): Arsenic in Drinking Water. Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]A demonstration of how flocculant works to bind together the fine particles in waste sludge
This article describes for the first time the use of magnetic ion exchange for improving Wanneroo (Australia) Groundwater Treatment Plant treatment process.
CADEE, K. ; O’LEARY, B. ; SMITH, P. ; SLUNJSKI, M. ; BOURKE, M. (2000): World First Magnetic Ion Exchange (MIEX) Water Treatment Plant to be Installed in Western Australia. In: miexresin.com: URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
This paper addresses several topics that might help the water treatment plant operator select the most appropriate chemical treatment programme for the needs of the community that the plant services.
GREVILLE, A.S. (1997): How to Select a Chemical Coagulant and Flocculant. In: Alberta Water & Wastewater Operators Association, 22th Annual Seminar : URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
A 3-page factsheet on solar pasteurisation, focussing on treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other information on solar pasteurisation.
CAWST (2009): HWTS Factsheet: Solar Pasteurization. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) is an ion exchange resin developed as an additive to existing water treatment plants where additional organic matter is to be removed. The smaller size, magnetic properties and simple regeneration using NaCl distinguish MIEX from conventional ion exchange resins. Its use in international development applications is investigated in this review article.
NEALE, P.A. ; SCHAFER, A.I. (2010): Magnetic Ion Exchange: Is there a Potential for International Development. In: Desalination : Volume 251 , 160-168. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
This document describes several methods of drinking water quality testing. Furthermore, it contains testdescriptions about physical, chemical and microbiological contaminants as well how to interpret the test results.
CAWST (2009): Introduction to Drinking Water Quality Testing. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CWAST) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
This paper describes the use of flocculation for removing suspended particles from water runoff in a construction site in Oregon.
JURRIES, D. (2000): Flocculation of Construction Site Runoff in Oregon. Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Oregon Government URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
A three-page factsheet containing introduction, operation procedure, treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other information related to straining.
CAWST (2009): Straining. Fact Sheets - Academic. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets - Academic ). Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
This research thesis presents an investigation on the suitability of pumice and seeds of Moringa Oleifera as natural materials for drinking water treatment based on the problem identified on the Stretta Vaudetto water treatment plant in Eritrea.
GHEBREMICHAEL, K.A. (2004): Moringa Seed and Pumice as an Alternative Natural Material for Drinking Water Treatment. (= Doctoral Thesis ). Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
This series of articles proposes a general overview of many aspects related to ion exchange for residential water treatment. Among other, historic aspects, manufacturing process, softening process, technical aspects, applications in toxic metallic ions removal are covered.
KELLER, M.C. (2005): Basic Ion Exchange for Residential Water Treatment Part 1. In: Water Conditioning and Purification: URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
This study examines the quality improvement of surface water by direct filtration with Strychnos Potatorum seed or Moringa Oleifera seed as the coagulant and assesses the suitability for home water treatment in rural areas of developing countries.
BABU, R. ; CHAUDHURI, M. (2005): Home Water Treatment by Direct Filtration with Natural Coagulant. In: Journal of Water and Health: Volume 3 , 27-30. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
This study investigated the effectiveness of the Moringa oleifera coagulant for the removal of turbidity, bacteria, and natural organic matter (NOM) from natural surface water. The results obtained were compared with inorganic coagulants of alum and ferric chloride.
ABALIWANO, J.K. GHEBREMICHAEL, K.A. AMY, G.L. (2008): Application of the Purified Moringa Oleifera Coagulant for Surface Water Treatment. Watermill Working Paper Series No. 5). Delft: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]