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Decentralized anaerobic digestion is a promising technology to handle the large organic fraction of the municipal solid waste with the additional benefit of producing biogas as well as fertilizer. In this study a market level biogas plant in Thiruvananthapuram, South India and constructed by a NGO called BIOTECH is monitored and evaluated.

HEEB, F. (2009): Decentralised anaerobic digestion of market waste. Case study in Thiruvananthapuram, India. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This study assesses ecosan toilets and their implementation in different areas of Nepal from an n social, technical and financial point of view. It gives recommendations in the view of scaling-up ecosan in Nepal.

WATERAID (2008): Assessment of Urine Diverting Ecosan Toilets in Nepal. Kathmandu: WaterAid Nepal URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This factsheet contains practical information on the simple pit latrine.

ROBENS INSTITUTE (1996): Fact Sheets on Environmental Sanitation: Simple Pit Latrines. (= Fact Sheets on Environmental Sanitation ). Guildford / Geneva: University of Surrey, World Health Organization (WHO). Factsheet 3.4. URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

The website of BORDA explains what DEWATs are, describes why DEWATS are necessary, shows good practices for hospitals, agroindustries and communities and lists benefits of decentralized wastewater treatment.

BORDA (2014): DEWATS / Decentralized Wastewater Treatment. Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

Short general and technical description on single-vault UDDTs.

GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. Single-vault Dehydration Toilets with Urine-diversion . (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-B2 ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This presentation offers the chance to learn about how to make different kinds of pedestals.

MORGAN, P. SHANGWA, A. (2009): How to Make Simple Pedestals. The Chisungu Primary School Water and Sanitation project. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

Case study from urine crop trials in Arba Minch, Ethiopia, showing the possibility for improving soil fertility and increasing crop yield.

KASSA, K. ; MEINZINGER, F. ; ZEWDIE, W. (2010): Urine diversion dry toilet (UDDT) for Agafari´s household Arba Minch, Ethiopia. In: ECOSANCLUB: URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

A 2-page factsheet summarizing the EcoSanRes ‘Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production’ publication with short information on urine as a fertilizer, application rates etc.

ECOSANRES (2008): Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. Factsheet. (pdf presentation). (= EcoSanRes Factsheet , 6 ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

Short general and technical description on double-vault UDDTs.

GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. Double-vault Dehydration Toilets with Urine-diversion . (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-B1 ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This is a short presentation about an innovative sanitation solution in floating communities in Cambodia.

HAGAN, J. BROWN, M. (2011): Design for Sustainable Sanitation - Floating Toilets. (= Pdf Presentation ). Phnom Penh and Melbourne: Live and Learn Environmental Education and Engineers without Borders URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

Description of some examples of construction plans for dehydration toilets.

GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. Dehydration toilets Construction Plans – selected examples. (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-C1 ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This lecture note, which is specifically prepared for the diploma level environmental health students, addresses the problem of human waste disposal or management. Different appropriate latrine technologies and on-site wastewater containment and treatment facilities are listed; their construction methods and the advantages/ disadvantages of each are included.

FARIS, K. ALEMAYEHU, T. WUBSHET, M. HAILU, D. (2002): Human and other Liquid Waste Management. Jimma and Atlanta: Jimma University URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This document contains a worldwide listing of suppliers for waterless urinals and urine diversion toilet pedestals and squatting pans.

MUENCH, E. (2010): Appendix: Worldwide Listing of Suppliers for Waterless Urinals and Urine Diversion Toilet Pedestals and Squatting Pans. (= Technology Review ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This book puts forward ecological sanitation as an alternative to conventional sanitation, and was one of the very first of its kind. It documents different options of ecosan based on dehydrating and composting toilets in use around the world. The book has been reviewed and enlarged since then.

ESREY, S. A. ; GOUGH, J. ; RAPAPORT, D. ; SAWYER, R. ; MAYLING, S.H. ; VARGAS, J. ; WINBLAD, U. (1998): Ecological Sanitation. Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This report presents the present state of knowledge about urine-separating toilets and systems for the recirculation of urine as an agricultural fertilizer. It contains a description of urine separation technology and how a system can be constructed for recirculating urine from residential districts to farmland. It also contains concrete recommendations about planning and management of the various components of the system.

JOHANSSON, M. (2000): Urine Separation - Closing the Nutrient Cycle. Final Report of the R&D Project: Source-Separated Human Urine - A Future Source of Fertilizer for Agriculture in the Stockholm Region. Stockholm: Stockholm Vatten, Stockholmshem & HSB National Federation URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

The purpose of this guide is to present practical information on the handling, treatment, and disposal of septage in a concise, recommendations-oriented format for easy use by administrators of waste management programs, septage haulers, and managers or operators of septage handling facilities. The guide is not intended to provide detailed engineering design information.

U.S. EPA (1994): Guide to Septage Treatment and Disposal. (= EPA/625/R-94/002 ). Washingtion D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]

http://www.london.ca/business/Resources/Consultant-Resources/Pages/Design-Specifications-and-Requirements-Manual.aspx [Accessed: 30.05.2019]

Among other things, there is much information about the sewer collection system in the City of London, ON. There will be site specific situations where the design will depart from these practices as it is not possible nor is it the intention of the City to anticipate every situation.

This technical document contains information about small bore sewer systems.

OTIS, R. MARA, D. (1985): The Design of Small Bore Sewer Systems. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]

Among other things, there is much information about the sewer collection system in the City of London, (Ontario-Canada). There will be site-specific situations where the design will depart from these practices as it is not possible nor is it the intention of the City to anticipate every situation.

EESD (2003): Design Specification & Requirements Manual. Updated 2010. 4 Sewage Pumpoing Stations. London, Ontario (Canada): Environmental and Engineering Services Department (EESD) URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]

This is a very detailed lecture note about vacuum sewer systems. It contains descriptions, technical graphs and calculations about a vacuum sewer system.

PDH ENGINEER (2007): Vacuum Sewers: Design and Installation Guidelines. Alexandria, Virginia: Water Environment Federation URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]