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In 2004, the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality recommended that water suppliers develop and implement "Water Safety Plans" (WSPs) in order to systematically assess and manage risks. Since this time, governments and regulators, water suppliers and practitioners have increasingly embraced this approach, but they have also requested further guidance. This much-anticipated workbook answers this call by describing how to develop and implement a WSP in clear and practical terms. Stepwise advice is provided through 11 learning modules, each representing a key step in the WSP development and implementation process.

BARTRAM, J. CORRALES, L. DAVISON, A. DEERE, D. DRURY, D. GORDON, B. HOWARD, G. RINEHOLD, A. STEVENS, M. (2009): Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step Risk Management for Drinking-water Suppliers. Geneva/London: World Health Organization (WHO); International Water Association (IWA) URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This paper reviews five different sustainability assessment tools that are currently in use for programme monitoring of WASH interventions. The selected tools all have a developed framework that has each been pilot tested and produces an objective and quantifiable output (e.g., final score or percentage) that can be used to trigger improvements to programme design or take remedial actions.

BOULENOUAR, J. SCHWEITZER, R. LOCKWOOD, H. (2013): Mapping Sustainability Assessment Tools to Support Sustainable Water and Sanitation Service Delivery. (= Working Paper , 6 ). The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), Water Services that Last URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This document describes how the CLTS approach came to live, how it was further developed and how the application of this approach was dispread all over the world.

WSP (2007): Community-Led Total Sanitation in Rural Areas. An Approach that Works. Washington DC: Water and Sanitation Program URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTK_5xV6wuA [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This video by IRC’s WASHCost project examines the full costs of building traditional latrines in Mozambique. There, cost data for planning are collected by local authorities. They gather the information around households in the area. Households are visited and their sanitation situation is assessed. This gives a clear picture of what is actually achieved.

This guide provides practical guidelines for the implementation of strategic sanitation concepts. Part A introduces important strategic concepts and is intended to put the rest of the guide into context. Part B, the heart of the guide, is divided into three sections, each containing information on the processes to be followed to develop a more strategic approach to sanitation service provision at a particular level. Part C contains a set of tools to assist strategic planning, training modules, and a section suggesting further sources of information.

TAYLER, K. COLIN, J. PARKINSON, J. (2000): Strategic Planning for Municipal Sanitation – A Guide. URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

The introduction of adequate sanitation can provide a range of health advantages and other positive benefits to households and communities. This case examines the impacts a for-profit enterprise, providing sanitation services to the Base of the Pyramid, has on children and pregnant women and how these impacts can be enhanced.

ESPER, H. LONDON, T. KANCHWALA, Y. (2013): Improved Sanitation and its Impact on Children. An Exploration of Sanergy. (= Child Impact Case Study , 2 ). Ann Arbor: William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

The aim of this training manual is to share insights and experience of participatory water resource management approaches and tools, as developed by EMPOWERS and to train participants in specific tools for planning of water development and management projects at local community levels. The training manual operates as a guideline for training courses held by EMPOWERS.

INWRDAM-EMPOWERS (2006): Training Manual for: Pro-poor participatory planning of community water services. INWRDAM-EMPOWERS URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

There is an international consensus that urban sanitary conditions are in great need of improvement, but sharp disagreement over how this improvement should be pursued. Both market-driven and state-led efforts to improve sanitation in deprived communities tend to be severely compromised, as there is a lack of effective market demand (due to collective action problems) and severe barriers to the centralized provision of low-cost sanitation facilities. In principle, community-driven initiatives have a number of advantages. This report investigates these challenges and opportunities.

MCGRANAHAN, G. (2013): Community-Driven Sanitation Improvement in Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods. Research Report. London, Bangladesh: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR), International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), WaterAid, Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity (SHARE) URL [Accessed: 17.06.2019]

This manual is the second part of the manual described above. This manual provides curriculums and guidance to trainers on how to facilitate a five-day Training of Trainers’ Program on community-driven total sanitation.

WSP (2007): Training of Trainers’ Manual on Community-driven Total Sanitation. Module 2: Trainers’ Note. Washington, DC: Water and Sanitation Program URL [Accessed: 17.06.2019]

https://www.susana.org/en/ [Accessed: 17.06.2019]

The official website of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance SuSanA. SuSanA is a loose network of a number of organizations active in the field of sanitation, founded in 2007. The goals and objectives of SuSanA are to contribute to the achievement of the MDGs, to raise awareness on what sustainable sanitation solutions are and to promote them on a larger scale. The website contains a number of Factsheets by the different SuSanA working groups on various subjects related to sustainable sanitation. There is section where everyone can upload important documents.

This document describes various training workshops in order to implement the CLTS approach.

KAR, K. (2010): Facilitating “Hands-On” Training Workshops For Community-Led Total Sanitation. Geneva: Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council URL [Accessed: 17.06.2019]

This guideline for decision-makers has been developed to provide first guidance on how to implement the Bellagio Principles by applying the HCES approach. Assistance is given to those willing to include and test this new approach in their urban environmental sanitation service programmes. Since practical experience with the HCES approach is lacking, this guideline is neither comprehensive nor final, but will have to be developed further on the basis of extensive field experience. Available in English, French and Spanish.

EAWAG (2005): Household-Centred Environmental Sanitation, Implementing the Bellagio Principles in Urban Environmental Sanitation – Provisional Guideline for Decision Makers. Geneva, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology URL [Accessed: 17.06.2019]

This document describes how the situation regarding sanitation looked like in Nepal before the CLTS approach was applied and how successful this approach was in Nepal.

WATERAID (2006): Community led total sanitation in Nepal getting us back on track. London: WaterAid URL [Accessed: 17.06.2019]

This report is a synthesis of three individual country studies carried out in Bangladesh, Nepal and Nigeria in 2008-2009. The purpose of the study was to contribute to the global understanding of community-wide open defecation-free approaches, with a focus on the extent to which these approaches result in sustained and equitable improvements in sanitation behaviour.

WATERAID (2009): Sustainability and equity aspects of total sanitation programmes. A study of recent WaterAid-supported programmes in three countries. (= Global synthesis report ). London: WaterAid URL [Accessed: 17.06.2019]

The purpose of this brochure is to inform about various planning approaches, strategies, priorities and directions in the area of sustainable sanitation.

MUELLEGGER, E. ; LECHNER, M. (2008): Solutions in Sanitation. Planning Principles. Wien: Austrian Development Agency URL [Accessed: 16.06.2019]

Sanitation 21 presents an internationally recognized planning framework based upon key principles of sanitation planning and recommended process guidelines. Built upon practical experience and best practices, Sanitation 21 brings together decisions about technology and management options with stakeholder needs and preferences to help inform the choice of appropriate sanitation systems. It is written in non-technical language to be relevant to policy makers and practitioners who are interested in providing appropriate and affordable sanitation services and presents recommended activities to guide the development of a city sanitation plan. This revised version of the Sanitation 21 framework builds upon the increase in knowledge and experience in city-wide planning.

PARKINSON, J. LUETHI, C. WALTHER, D. IWA ; GIZ ; Eawag-Sandec (2014): Sanitation 21. A Planning Framework for Improving City-wide Sanitation Services. London: International Water Association (IWA) URL [Accessed: 16.06.2019]

https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1343 [Accessed: 16.06.2019]

The NETSSAF tutorial for sustainable sanitation planning introduces a participatory planning approach. It targets planners of sanitation programmes in West Africa and provides guidance in facilitating “informed choices” in consultation with users and other stakeholders.

In sanitation and hygiene programme and service delivery, several methods are used to engage target groups in development programmes to enable behavioural change and/or create a demand for services. These methods or approaches are generally referred to as ‘software’, to distinguish them from the provision of ‚hardware‘. This publication takes an in-depth look at the various hygiene and sanitation software approaches that have been deployed over the last 40 years in all types of settings – urban, informal-urban and rural, and aims to address such issues as what a particular approach is designed to achieve, what it actually comprises, when and where it should be used, how it should be implemented and how much it costs, etc.

PEAL, A. EVANS, B. VAN DER WOORDEN, C. (2010): Hygiene and Sanitation Software. An Overview of Approaches. Geneva: Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) URL [Accessed: 16.06.2019]

Planning tools related to sustainable sanitation are discussed in this paper. Furthermore, a case study about the application of the framework in Lamborö, Sweden gives some interesting insights about challenges using the approach practically.

KVARNSTROEM, E. MCCONVILLE, J. (2007): Sanitation Planning – A Tool to Achieve Sustainable Sanitation?. Stockholm: Stockholm Environmental Institute URL [Accessed: 16.06.2019]

This document reflects the framework of Sanitation 21 very detailed. Hence, it explains the single parts of the framework comprehensible.

IWA (2005): Sanitation 21. Simple Approaches to Complex Sanitation. A Draft Framework for Analysis . London: International Water Association IWA. URL [Accessed: 16.06.2019]