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Volume III of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater deals with wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture and describes the present state of knowledge regarding the impact of wastewater-fed aquaculture on the health of producers, product consumers and local communities. It assesses the associated health risks and provides an integrated preventive management framework.

WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume III. Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

This is the report of a Study Group that considered food safety issues associated with farmed finfish and crustaceans. The principal conclusion was that an integrated approach — involving close collaboration between the aquaculture, agriculture, food safety, health and education sectors — is needed to identify and control hazards associated with products from aquaculture.

FAO ; NACA ; WHO (1999): Food Safety Issues Associated with Products from Aquaculture. (= WHO Technical Report Series , 883 ). Washington: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

https://www.ifad.org/en/web/operations/country/id/eritrea [Visita: 08.05.2019]

Water is precious in Eritrea, where farmers have to cope with droughts and crop failures. With support from the government and an IFAD-funded project, farmers and herders are expanding spate irrigation, an ancient form of water management. By harnessing floodwaters and collecting run-off, farmers can provide enough water for the crop season. Now some farmers can obtain yields that are six times what they used to be.

ENCISO, J. PORTER, D. BORDOVSKY, J. FIPPS, G. (2010): Maintaining Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems. College Station: The Irrigation Technology Center URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

Study on the use of greywater for agricultural irrigation in the South African context with special focus on comparing the irrigation of plants with nutrient solution, greywater and tap water.

SALUKAZANA, L. JACKSON, S. RODDA, N. SMITH, M. GOUNDEN, T. MACLEOD, N. BUCKLEY, C. (n.y): Re-use of Greywater for Agricultural Irrigation. Kwazulu-Natal: University of Kwazulu-Natal URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

This literature review provides a first overview of the possibilities, potentials and limits of duckweed aquaculture and its combined use in wastewater treatment and animal feed production in low and middle-income countries. It is somewhat limited as critical literature on duckweed field use is scarce and difficult to obtain (e.g. unpublished internal documents).

IQBAL, S. (1999): Duckweed Aquaculture. Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

Whereas spate irrigation is the ultimate adaptation to climate variability, this document prepared for IFAD is an overview of likely impact of climate change and practical possibilities for livelihood improvement.

STEENBERGEN, F. van VERHEIJEN, O. AARST, S. van HAILE, M.H. (n.y): Spate Irrigation, Livelihood Improvement and Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change. URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

This paper reviews minimum design recommendations and a case study of remediation efforts on an existing commercial field.

ROGERS, D.H. LAMM, F.R. CLARK, G.A. (2004): Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) System Remediation - A Case Study. St. Joseph: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

Keeping soil salinity low in the root zone is crucial to growers of salt-sensitive crops. This study investigated patterns of soil salinity under surface and subsurface drip irrigation. High soil salinity occurred midway between drip laterals for both irrigation methods and above the drip tape for subsurface drip irrigation. Rainfall leached the salts from the zones of high salinity for both irrigation methods.

HANSON, B.R. ; BENDIXEN, W.E. (1995): Drip Irrigation Controls Soil Salinity Under Row Crops. Entradas: California Agriculture: URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

Short description on a container gardening system for dry areas based on walls with built-in growth boxes made of hollow concrete blocks and developed by a Swedish horticulturist in Botswana.

WINBLAD, U. SIMPSON-HERBERT, M. (2004): Box 5.4 Vertical gardens in Gaberone, Botswana. Entradas: WINBLAD, U. ; SIMPSON-HERBERT, M. ; (2004): Ecological Sanitation - revised and enlarged edition. (pdf presentation). Sweden: 83. URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

SELA, G. (n.y): https://www.smart-fertilizer.com/articles/drip-irrigation "Online image". Smart Fertilizer Management [Visita: 08.05.2019]

Growing vegetables in containers can improve diets and raise incomes for urban residents in the Philippines.

AVRDC (2011): Small Spaces, Big Returns. Shanhua, Tainan: AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

Paper on container gardening in Cagayan de Oro (Philippines) as a way of growing vegetables in urban areas.

DEVEZA, K. HOLMER, R. (2002): Container Gardening – A Way of Growing Vegetables in the City. Paper presented at the Urban Vegetable Gardening Seminar. Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines: Sundayag Sa Amihanang Mindanao Trade Expo URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

The survey focuses on the determinants of success and failure and identifies knowledge gaps that influenced either adoption or disadoption by beneficiaries. A cost-effectiveness analysis is also undertaken to compare drip kits with traditional bucket irrigation. Finally, the study draws some conclusions and lessons that can be extrapolated beyond Zimbabwe to ensure that interventions aimed at smallholder-irrigated gardens have more sustainable impacts.

BELDER, P. ROHRBACH, D. TWOMLOW, S. SENZANJE, A. (2007): Can Drip Irrigation Improve the Livelihoods of Smallholders? Lessons Learned from Zimbabwe. Bulawayo: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

This case study focuses on the water management of the Dodota spate irrigation system, the first large scale spate irrigation system in Ethiopia. This system in the Oromia state has been recently designed and constructed to establish food-self sufficiency in an area chronically affected by food deficits and supported by food aid for over 25 years. The following main research question guided this study: How is water management taking place in the new Dodota spate irrigation system and what are the impacts and effects for irrigation, soil conservation practices, and production?

HAM, J.P. van den (2008): Dodota Spate Irrigation System Ethiopia. A case study of Spate Irrigation Management and Livelihood options . Wageningen: Wageningen University URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

A document about drip irrigation system including components, design advices, management of the system and additional resources.

SHOCK, C. (2006): Drip Irrigation: An Introduction. Corvallis: Oregon State University URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

NPSI (2005): Subsurface irrigation. Factsheet. Canberra: National Program for Sustainable Irrigation (NPSI) URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

This paper gives a complete description of a subsurface irrigation system.

REICH, D. GODIN, R. CHAVEZ, J.L. BRONER, I. (2009): Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI). Fort Collins: Colorado State University URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

The objective of this thesis study is to analyse the existing sediment control system on spate irrigation scheme, to review and test innovative sediment control and management systems and to recommend as necessary alternative sediment control and management systems and structures.

EMBAYE, T.G. (2009): Analysis of Spate Irrigation Sedimentation and the Design of Settling Basins. Delft: UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE) URL [Visita: 08.05.2019]

This report summarises the results of four years of research on three existing dam and rice field sites: Sélingué in Mali, Bagré in Burkina Faso and Anambé in Senegal. The aim of these micro and macro-economic studies was to analyse the financial and economic viability of water infrastructure projects and opportunities for improving the living conditions of smallholder farmers after the construction of dams. 

BAZIN, F. et al. (2017): Irrigation, Food Security and Poverty – Lessons from three large Dams in West Africa. Global Water Initiative (GWI) URL [Visita: 07.05.2019] PDF