Library

Globally, the burden of ill‐health in Africa due to unsafe drinkingwater, inadequate sanitation and polluted indoor air stands out prominently. This report explores the possibilities, advantages and implications of integrating interventions on indoor pollution and household water treatment.

SHAHEED, A. BRUCE, N. (2011): Combined Household Water Treatment and Indoor Air Pollution Projects in Urban Mambanda, Cameroon and Rural Nyanza, Kenya. (= Report of a Mission to Mambanda, Cameroon and Nyanza, Kenya, 2009 ). Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Visita: 20.05.2019]

This paper discusses the proper management and reuse of sludge generated during the treatment of arsenic contaminated water. It investigates the suitability of sludge in making brick. Results of different tests indicate the sludge proportion is the key factor for determining the quality of ornamental bricks/tiles. The study showed that arsenic contaminated sludge could be used safely up to a rate of 4% for making ornamental bricks.

MAHZUZ, H. M. A. ; ALAM, R. ; ALAM, M. M. ; BASAK, R. ; ISLAM, M.S. (2009): Use of Arsenic Contaminated Sludge in Making Ornamental Bricks. Entradas: International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 6: Volume 2 , 291-298. URL [Visita: 20.05.2019]

Factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of ceramic candle filters for drinking water treatment in developing countries.

CAWST (2009): Ceramic Candle Filter. Fact Sheet - Academic. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic ). Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Visita: 20.05.2019]

This technical brief presents the current options for safe storage and overview of seven types of point of use water treatment options. It also explains the working mechanism, and discusses the microbiological effectiveness of ceramic candle filter as well as community acceptance and sustainability.

OXFAM (2008): Household Treatment and Storage . (= Technical Brief No. 4 ). Oxford: OXFAM URL [Visita: 20.05.2019]

PUREPRO (n.y): Why is Reverse Osmosis Better. Illinois: PurePro USA Corporation URL [Visita: 20.05.2019]

https://www.betuco.be/water/Ceramic water filter.pdf [Visita: 20.05.2019]

Webpage on the ceramic water filter: context, application and technology.

This Technical Brief is the first of two examining the treatment of water in the home. The subject is introduced, and treatment by straining, storage, settlement, solar disinfection, chemical disinfection, and boiling are covered.

SKINNER, B. SHAW, R. (1999): Household water treatment 1. London & Loughborough: Water And Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (Well). Technical Brief 58 URL [Visita: 20.05.2019]

This book provides a general introduction to a wide range of technologies. Among the topics covered are: planning and management of small water supplies, community water supplies in Central and Eastern European countries, water quality and quantity, integrated water resources management, artificial recharge, rainwater harvesting, spring water tapping, groundwater withdrawal, water lifting, surface water intake, water treatment, aeration, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, multi-stage filtration, desalination technology, disinfection, household level water treatment, technologies for arsenic and iron removal from ground water, and emergency and disaster water supply. Chapter 18: Desanilation Technology

SMET, J. ; WIJK, C. van (2002): Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and Partnership: Desalination Technology - Chapter 18. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Visita: 20.05.2019]

Summary and brief evaluation of main household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) options for developing countries. Options described are: chlorination, biosand filtration, ceramic filtration, solar disinfection, filtration and chlorination, flocculation and chlorination.

LANTAGNE, D. S. QUICK, R. MINTZ, E.D. (2006): Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Options in Developing Countries. Review of Current Implementation Practices. Entradas: ECSP (2006): Water Stories: Expanding Opportunities in small-scale Water and Sanitation Projects. Washington D.C.: 17-38. URL [Visita: 20.05.2019]

This work presents a case study that describes the development of low-cost techniques for efficient arsenic control in drinking water. Iron oxide was used for arsenic removal and high removal efficiencies were monitored during the process of removal.

DUARTE A.A.L.S. ; CARDOSO, S.J.A. ; ALCADA, A.J. (2009): Emerging and Innovative Techniques for Arsenic Removal Applied to a Small Water Supply System. Entradas: Sustainability: Volume 1 , 1288-1304. URL [Visita: 20.05.2019]

AKVOPEDIA (n.y): https://akvopedia.org/wiki/Boiling [Visita: 20.05.2019]

This webpage provides a simple description including advantages and disadvantages of boiling water as HWTS options.

The three arsenic removal technologies (Three-Gagri System, the Jerry Can System, and the Arsenic Treatment Unit (ATU)) were evaluated for their effectiveness and appropriateness.

HURD, J.J. (2001): Evaluation of Three Arsenic Removal Technologies in Nepal. (= Master-Thesis ). Los Angeles: University of California URL [Visita: 20.05.2019]

This paper tries to assess improvement of microbiological quality in drinking water by boiling and cost analysis of boiling in Virar, Vasai and Nalasopara, three sprawling semi-urban communities in India.

CLASEN, T. MCLAUGHLIN, C. NAYAAR, N. BOISSON, S. GUPTA, R. DESAI, D. SHAH, N. (2008): Microbiological Effectiveness and Cost of Disinfecting Water by Boiling in Semi-urban India. Deerfield: The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASRMH) URL [Visita: 20.05.2019]

https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/household/en/ [Visita: 20.05.2019]

This link provides information on HWTS (background information, technical information, further weblinks etc.) and the WHO network to promote HWTS worldwide.

https://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/arsenic/en/ [Visita: 20.05.2019]

This web link contains a general discussion on different arsenic removal options for controlling risk.

This paper provides detail information on shock chlorination. It is also available at www.oznet.ksu.edu

POWELL, M ROGERS, D.H. WILLINGHAM, J.M. (2005): Shock Chlorination for Private Water Systems. Kansas State University URL [Visita: 19.05.2019]

This handbook is a comprehensive a new tool to help UNICEF WASH field professionals, but it will also be useful to other UNICEF staff and for partners in government, other external support agencies, NGOs and civil society. The handbook provides an introduction to all aspects of water quality, with a particular focus on the areas most relevant to professionals working in developing countries. It covers the effects of poor water quality, quality monitoring, the protection of water supplies, methods for improving water quality, and building awareness and capacity related to water quality.

UNICEF (2008): UNICEF Handbook on Water Quality. New York: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) URL [Visita: 19.05.2019]

Many of the most common diseases found in traumatized communities after a disaster or emergency are related to drinking contaminated water. This factsheet concentrates on the problems caused by drinking water contaminated by micro-organisms and their reduction by chlorination.

WHO (2005): How to measure chlorine residual in water. (= Technical Notes for Emergencies , 11 ). Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Visita: 19.05.2019]

Factsheet on chlorination with sodium hypochlorite solutions.

CAWST (2009): Chlorine (Sodium Hypochlorite). (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets – Academic ). Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Visita: 19.05.2019]

Extensive factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of ceramic candle filters for drinking water treatment.

CAWST (2009): Biosand Filter. Factsheet. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic ). Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Visita: 19.05.2019]