Library

MRWA (2003): Coagulation and Flocculation Process Fundamentals. MRWA: Minnesota Rural Water Association URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

A two-page factsheet on PUR flocculant and disinfectant powder with field and lab, containing information on effectiveness, advantages and limitations and implementation examples.

CDC ; USAID (2008): Flocculant/Disinfectant Powder . (= CDC Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries Factsheets ). New York: Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

Should I have my water tested? The answer to this question depends on several factors. It concerns your health and the health of your family, so you need to know some basic facts.

U.S. EPA (2005): Home Water Testing. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

A four-page factsheet containing product information on the procedure of using PUR flocculant and disinfectant powder, its treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other relevant information’s related to PUR.

CAWST (2009): PUR. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST). Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

This research was carried out in Matlab, Bangladesh in collaboration with the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. They found significant filtering of zooplankton (i.e. copepods) and colonial phytoplankton from household water by nylon and sari filtration, as well as reduction of cholera cases in the studied villages.

COLWELL, R.R. ; HUQ, A. ; ISLAM, M.S. ; AZIZ, K.M.A. ; YUNUS, M. ; KHAN, N.H. ; MAHMUD, A. ; SACK, R.B. ; NAIR, G.B. ; CHAKRABORTY, J. ; SACK, D.A. ; RUSSEK-COHEN, E. (2003): Reduction of cholera in Bangladeshi villages by simple filtration. Entradas: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS): Volume 100 , 1051-1055. URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

In this study, volcanic ash and Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) were investigated as indigenous materials for drinking water treatment based on problems identified at Kampala and Masaka water treatment plants in Uganda.

KALIBBALA, H.M. (2007): Application of Indigenous Materials in Drinking Water Treatment. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

In this study, the coagulant properties of Opuntia spp., a species of cactus, are quantitatively evaluated.

MILLER, S.M. ; FUGATE, E.J. ; CRAVER, V.O. ; SMITH, J.A. ; ZIMMERMAN, J.B. (2008): Toward Understanding the Efficacy and Mechanism of Opuntia spp. As a Natural Coagulant for Potential Application in Water Treatment. Entradas: Environmental Science & Technology: Volume 42 , 4274–4279. URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

This series of articles proposes a general overview of many aspects related to ion exchange for residential water treatment. Among other, historic aspects, manufacturing process, softening process, technical aspects, applications in toxic metallic ions removal are covered.

KELLER, M.C. (2005): Basic Ion Exchange for Residential Water Treatment Part 2. Entradas: Water Conditioning and Purification: URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

NEUMANN, S. ; FATULA, P. (2009): Principles of Ion Exchange in Wastewater Treatment. Entradas: Asian Water. Techno Focus: URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

One-page factsheet containing information on effectiveness, appropriateness, acceptability and costs of straining.

CAWST (2009): Straining. Fact Sheets - Simplified. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets - Simplified ). Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

This paper includes findings of a twelve-week effectiveness study of point of use water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant among 400 households in camps for displaced populations in Monrovia, Liberia.

DOOCY, S. ; BURNHAM, G. (2006): Point-of-use Water Treatment and Diarrhoea Reduction in the Emergency Context: an Effectiveness Trial in Liberia. Entradas: Tropical Medicine and International Health: Volume 11 , 1542-1552. URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

This report describes an evaluation of an integrated ion exchange regeneration process for perchlorate treatment in drinking water. Integrated ion exchange combines: conventional ion exchange with perchlorate selective resin for wellhead treatment of perchlorate contaminated water, regeneration of resin using tetrachloroferrate (FeCl4-) anion and then returning the resin to service, and the destruction or disposal of perchlorate recovered from the resin.

DOD ; SERDP ; ESTCP (2010): Integrated Ion Exchange Regeneration Process for Perchlorate in Drinking Water. Alexandria (USA): US Department of Defense (DoD), Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

The intent of this paper is to provide cursory information about coagulation, flocculation and clarification. This knowledge will provide a basis for understanding the needs of the customer wishing to monitor these processes.

ENGELHARDT, R.L. (2010): Coagulation, Flocculation and Clarification of Drinking Water. HACH company URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

SNF FLOERGER (n.y): Coagulation Flocculation. Brochure. Andrézieux-Bouthéon (France): URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

UNKNOWN (n.y): A woman uses a sari cloth to strain water. Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST). Factsheet: STraining URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

https://www.koshland-science-museum.org/water/html/en/Treatment/Coagulation-Flocculation.html [Visita: 24.05.2019]

This website provides a summary of coagulation-flocculation sedimentation processes including combined technologies such as Flocculation-Chlorination.

Both reverse osmosis and ion exchange technologies are well established and have reached advanced levels of development. Comparison of the two processes for water demineralisation can therefore be reliably made and cost comparisons can be carried out on a case-by-case basis. This document examines the significant factors that should be taken into account in the comparison and gives guidelines for decision making.

PUROLITE INTERNATIONAL (2003): Guidelines for Selecting Resin Ion Exchange or Reverse Osmosis for Feed Water Demineralisation. Entradas: Purolite.com: URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

The acute toxicity of arsenic at high concentrations has been known about for centuries. It was only relatively recently that a strong adverse effect on health was discovered to be associated with long-term exposure to even very low arsenic concentrations. Drinking water is now recognised as the major source of human intake of arsenic in its most toxic (inorganic) forms.

PETRUSEVSKI, B. SHARMA, S. SCHIPPERS, J.C. SHORDT, K. (2007): Arsenic in Drinking Water. Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsfWeLApRl0 [Visita: 24.05.2019]

A demonstration of how flocculant works to bind together the fine particles in waste sludge

This article describes for the first time the use of magnetic ion exchange for improving Wanneroo (Australia) Groundwater Treatment Plant treatment process.

CADEE, K. ; O’LEARY, B. ; SMITH, P. ; SLUNJSKI, M. ; BOURKE, M. (2000): World First Magnetic Ion Exchange (MIEX) Water Treatment Plant to be Installed in Western Australia. Entradas: miexresin.com: URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]