This Technical Brief reviews some of the options for wastewater treatment in low- and middle-income communities. It should be used as a guide to the main options available.
WELL (n.y): Wastewater Treatment Options. (= WELL Technical Briefs , 64 ). Loughborough: Water and Environmental health at London and Loughborough (WELL) URL [Visita: 26.05.2019]
This practical guideline on the use of urine in agricultural productions gives some background information on basic plant requirements and how they can be met with urine as a liquid fertiliser.
RICHERT, A. GENSCH, R. JOENSSON, H. STENSTROEM, T.A. DAGERSKOG, L. (2010): Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production. (= EcoSanRes Publication Series, Report No. 2010-1 ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Visita: 26.05.2019]The Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV) library hosts an extensive choice of domestic biogas reports from around the world domestic biogas.
This information service on biogas technology has been developed and produced on the order of the GTZ project Information and Advisory Service on Appropriate Technology (ISAT). Volume III discusses the micro- and macro-economic viability of biogas sanitation systems.
ISAT ; GTZ (1999): Biogas - Costs and Benefits and Biogas – Programme Implementation. (= Biogas Digest , 3 ). Information and Advisory Services on Appropriate Technology (ISAT) and German Agency for Technical Cooperation GmbH (GmbH) URL [Visita: 26.05.2019]
This report is a basic assessment of the feasibility and potential for using animal wastes in anaerobic methane digesters to create electricity in Minnesota. It covers an estimation of the electricity potential, the farm-size thresholds that warrant further investigation for a potential digester system, a quantification of the impact of incentives as well as a financial analysis.
MDC (2003): Minnesota's Potential for Electricity Production Using Manure Biogas Resources. Final Report. Minnesota: Minnesota Department of Commerce (MDC) and State Energy Office (SEO). [Accessed: 23.04.2010] PDF
The document describes a pilot project in Koczala, Northern Poland, with an agricultural biogas CHP plant integrated with a converted wood-chip fired municipal district heating system.
IRE LTD (n.y): Preparation of a pilot biogas CHP plant integrated with a wood-chip fired DHP system. Warszawa: Institute for Renewable Energy (IRE) Ltd URL [Visita: 26.05.2019]
This series of articles proposes a general overview of many aspects related to ion exchange for residential water treatment. Among other, historic aspects, manufacturing process, softening process, technical aspects, applications in toxic metallic ions removal are covered.
KELLER, M.C. (2005): Basic Ion Exchange for Residential Water Treatment Part 2. Entradas: Water Conditioning and Purification: URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]
In this study, the coagulant properties of Opuntia spp., a species of cactus, are quantitatively evaluated.
MILLER, S.M. ; FUGATE, E.J. ; CRAVER, V.O. ; SMITH, J.A. ; ZIMMERMAN, J.B. (2008): Toward Understanding the Efficacy and Mechanism of Opuntia spp. As a Natural Coagulant for Potential Application in Water Treatment. Entradas: Environmental Science & Technology: Volume 42 , 4274–4279. URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]
One-page factsheet containing information on effectiveness, appropriateness, acceptability and costs of straining.
CAWST (2009): Straining. Fact Sheets - Simplified. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets - Simplified ). Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]
This report describes an evaluation of an integrated ion exchange regeneration process for perchlorate treatment in drinking water. Integrated ion exchange combines: conventional ion exchange with perchlorate selective resin for wellhead treatment of perchlorate contaminated water, regeneration of resin using tetrachloroferrate (FeCl4-) anion and then returning the resin to service, and the destruction or disposal of perchlorate recovered from the resin.
DOD ; SERDP ; ESTCP (2010): Integrated Ion Exchange Regeneration Process for Perchlorate in Drinking Water. Alexandria (USA): US Department of Defense (DoD), Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]
This paper includes findings of a twelve-week effectiveness study of point of use water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant among 400 households in camps for displaced populations in Monrovia, Liberia.
DOOCY, S. ; BURNHAM, G. (2006): Point-of-use Water Treatment and Diarrhoea Reduction in the Emergency Context: an Effectiveness Trial in Liberia. Entradas: Tropical Medicine and International Health: Volume 11 , 1542-1552. URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]
The intent of this paper is to provide cursory information about coagulation, flocculation and clarification. This knowledge will provide a basis for understanding the needs of the customer wishing to monitor these processes.
ENGELHARDT, R.L. (2010): Coagulation, Flocculation and Clarification of Drinking Water. HACH company URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]
Both reverse osmosis and ion exchange technologies are well established and have reached advanced levels of development. Comparison of the two processes for water demineralisation can therefore be reliably made and cost comparisons can be carried out on a case-by-case basis. This document examines the significant factors that should be taken into account in the comparison and gives guidelines for decision making.
PUROLITE INTERNATIONAL (2003): Guidelines for Selecting Resin Ion Exchange or Reverse Osmosis for Feed Water Demineralisation. Entradas: Purolite.com: URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]This website provides a summary of coagulation-flocculation sedimentation processes including combined technologies such as Flocculation-Chlorination.
The acute toxicity of arsenic at high concentrations has been known about for centuries. It was only relatively recently that a strong adverse effect on health was discovered to be associated with long-term exposure to even very low arsenic concentrations. Drinking water is now recognised as the major source of human intake of arsenic in its most toxic (inorganic) forms.
PETRUSEVSKI, B. SHARMA, S. SCHIPPERS, J.C. SHORDT, K. (2007): Arsenic in Drinking Water. Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]
This article describes for the first time the use of magnetic ion exchange for improving Wanneroo (Australia) Groundwater Treatment Plant treatment process.
CADEE, K. ; O’LEARY, B. ; SMITH, P. ; SLUNJSKI, M. ; BOURKE, M. (2000): World First Magnetic Ion Exchange (MIEX) Water Treatment Plant to be Installed in Western Australia. Entradas: miexresin.com: URL [Visita: 24.05.2019]A demonstration of how flocculant works to bind together the fine particles in waste sludge