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This report outlines the findings of a study carried out in and around the city of Nairobi, Kenya by ENVILEAD. The study was carried out between the months of January and March 2005, about the patterns of practice that are likely to release persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into the environment as part of the International POPs Elimination Project (IPEP’s) initiatives. The focus of the study was the practice of medical and municipal waste burning, which research has shown to be a potential source of unintentional POPs (UPOPs). The study’s objective was to investigate the anatomy of this practice, identify the key issues involved and make recommendations for the way forward.

ENVILEAD (2005): A Study on Waste Incineration Activities in Nairobi that Release Dioxin and Furan into the Environment. Nairobi: Environmental Liaison, Education and Action for Development (ENVILEAD) URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

HEEB, J. JENSSEN, P. GNANAKAN CONRADIN, K. (2008): Ecosan Curriculum 2.3. Switzerland, India and Norway: seecon international, International Ecological Engineering Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ACTS Bangalore URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

Sequential precipitation of phosphorus (SEPHOS Process) seems to be promising. The generated product, an “aluminium phosphate”, is a valuable raw material for the phosphorus industry. After alkaline treatment of the “aluminium phosphate”, it is possible to precipitate phosphorus as calcium phosphate (advanced SEPHOS Process). Following acidic elution of the ash, nano-filtration can also be used to separate phosphorus.

SCHAUM, C. CORNEL, P. NORBERT, J. (n.y): Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage Sludge Ash – A Wet Chemical Approach. Darmstadt/Essen: Technische Universität Darmstadt/Ruhrverband URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

This paper describes the importance of small-scale decentralised wastewater treatment using reed bed treatment systems (constructed wetlands) in Nepal. It shows how public/community participation can support small-scale construction work while ensuring checks on quality and price of construction, including examples.

ENPHO (n.y): Decentralised Wastewater Management Using Constructed Wetlands. Kathmandu: Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

Despite the production of more food and extraction of more water globally, wetlands continue to decline and public health and living standards for many do not improve. Why is this – and what needs to change to improve the situation? If we manage wetlands better, can we improve the health and well-being of people? Indeed, why is this important? This report seeks to address these questions.

HORWITZ, P. FINLAYSON, M. WEINSTEIN, P. (2012): Healthy Wetlands, Healthy People: A Review of Wetlands and Human Health Interactions. Ramsar Technical Report No. 6. Gland and Geneva: Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and The World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

Solid waste management is in crisis in many of the world’s largest urban areas as populations attracted to cities continue to grow. This has led to ever increasing quantities of domestic solid waste while space for disposal decreases. This report should be used with caution since both technical and financial feasibility are very site-specific. Readers with general interest and technical specialists will find this report useful in making their assessments. A comprehensive solid waste management program may include several options phased in over a long period of time during which refuse quantities, constituents and the overall economic picture may change significantly. This uncertainty and associated risks must be incorporated into the planning process.

WORLDBANK (1999): Municipal Solid Waste Incineration. Washington D.C.: The World Bank URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

A guide to build, operate and maintain a low-cost medical waste incinerator.

PRACTICAL ACTION (2000): Low-Cost Medical Waste Incinerator. Rugby: Practical Action URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

This case study gives information about a belt press system (description, O&M, costs, etc.) and summarises the selection criteria.

FSA (2002): Case Study 8 – Belt Press. Entradas: FSA Environmental: Volume 8 URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

The collection, transport, treatment, and disposal of solid wastes, particularly wastes generated in medium and large urban centres, have become a relatively difficult problem to solve for those responsible for their management. The problem is even more acute in economically developing countries, where financial, human, and other critical resources generally are scarce. This publication has been prepared primarily for two audiences: 1) decision-makers and policy makers, and 2) professionals involved in the management of solid wastes. The information in the publication would also be useful to students in environmental engineering. The material is presented such that most chapters need not be read in any particular sequence. However, if a formal class is based on the book, the chapters should be covered in sequential order.

UNEP (2005): Solid Waste Management. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

This document provides brief descriptions of 17 wetland treatment systems from that are providing significant water quality benefits while demonstrating additional benefits such as wildlife habitat. The projects described include systems involving both constructed and natural wetlands, habitat creation and restoration, and the improvement of municipal effluent, urban stormwater and river water quality. Each project description was developed by individuals directly involved with or very familiar with the project in a format that could also be used as a stand-alone brochure or handout for project visitors.

U.S. EPA (1993): Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Wildlife Habitat. Washington DC: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

INCINER8 (2004): Waste Incineration – Mobile Incinerators. Inciner8 Ltd URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

The incinerator industry often promotes incinerators as having “zero emissions” or as being “safe for community health”. The truth, however, is that all incinerators contaminate people and the environment with toxic and cancer-causing emissions.

GAIA (2008): Incinerators Trash Community Health. Quezon City: Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA) URL [Visita: 10.06.2019]

SEPARETT (2011): Rescue Camping 25. Bredaryd: Separett AB URL [Visita: 09.06.2019]

This document summarises the discussion and outcomes of an expert workshop in 2009, identifying useful ideas that can improve sanitation practices in terms of sustainability but are still suitable for emergency situations. It includes inputs from various experts from the sector.

RUBERTO, C. JOHANNESSEN, A. (2009): Innovations in Emergency Sanitation. International Water Association (IWA). (= 2-day Workshop, 11-13 February 2009 ). Stoutenburg: The Netherlands URL [Visita: 09.06.2019]

This handbook has been developed as a practical tool to meet the needs of children and women affected by disasters. It is a very detailed document where a lot of information can be found by practioneers around the globe.

UNICEF (2005): Emergency Field Handbook. A Guide for UNICEF Staff. New York: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) URL [Visita: 09.06.2019]

This technical note points out the importance of including the needs of vulnerable groups into public health programmes in general. It features a checklist for practically responding to gender and other socio-cultural issues and a case study from Pakistan (2005) where Oxfam adapted communal sanitation facilities for communities where women previously lived in seclusion.

OXFAM (n.y): Vulnerability and Socio-Cultural Considerations for PHE in Emergencies. Oxfam Technical Brief. Oxford: OXFAM URL [Visita: 09.06.2019]

OXFAM (2007): Excreta Disposal for People with Physical Disabilities in Emergencies. (= Technical Brief ). London: Oxfam Publishing URL [Visita: 09.06.2019]

JOHANNESSEN, A. (2011): Identifying Gaps in Emergency Sanitation. Design of New Kits to Increase Effectiveness in Emergencies. (= 2day Workshop, 22-23 February 2011 ). Stoutenburg: Oxfam & WASTE URL [Visita: 09.06.2019]

https://akvopedia.org/wiki/Sanitation_Portal [Visita: 09.06.2019]

The sanitation decision tool is based on the Eawag Sanitation Compendium and aims to give support in choosing the right sanitation chain components, from a spectrum of options. It shall help the user to find a tailored solution suitable for the specific context that the sanitation system will be placed in. The tool exists as a print and digital version.

PATEL, D. ; BROOKS, N. ; BASTABLE, A. (2011): Excreta Disposal in Emergencies. Bag and Peepoo Trials with Internally Displaced People in Port-au-Prince. Entradas: Waterlines: Volume 30 , 1. URL [Visita: 09.06.2019]