This factsheet introduces financial and economic costs and benefits in relation to sanitation systems. It provides an overview of analytical approaches for comparing sanitation interventions using financial and economic analyses and illustrates these using results from various studies.
PARKINSON, J. HUTTON, G. PFEIFFER, V. BLUME, S. FEIEREISEN, P. (2012): Financial and economic analysis - Factsheet of Working Group 2. Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance URL [Visita: 18.06.2019]
The publication provides an up-to-date summary of CLTS status, lessons and experiences from the region, and highlights some of the key areas that require further attention and better quality uptake of CLTS at country level, and as such guide in accelerating efforts for reaching open defecation free (ODF) status and overall sanitation and hygiene improvements at scale.
UNICEF (2013): Community-Led Total Sanitation in East Asia and Pacific . Progress, Lessons and Directions . Bangkok: UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, Plan, WaterAid and Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) URL [Visita: 18.06.2019]
This manual provides guidance and tools for designing a sanitation marketing program. It guides professionals in the fields of sanitation and marketing to comprehensively assess the current market for sanitation products and services and to use the results of this assessment to design a multi-pronged sanitation marketing strategy.
JENKINS, M. SCOTT, B. USAID HIP (2010): Sanitation Marketing for Managers. Guidance an Tools for Program Development. Washington DC: United States Agency for International Development Hygiene Improvement Project (USAID HIP) URL [Visita: 18.06.2019]
This report is the executive summary of the revision and update of the previous master plan prepared in 1993. It includes the results of studies, investigations and outline designs made in order to develop a strategy for the sewerage for the whole of Addis Ababa.
HENDRIKS, T. BEALE, D. (2002): Addis Ababa Wastewater Master plan – Executive Summary. URL [Visita: 18.06.2019]
This book contains well-written information about both personal and public cleanliness including instructions on how to build safe toilets that respect the principles of sustainable Sanitation. The book is also available in Spanish and Creole.
HESPERIAN FOUNDATION ; UNDP (2004): Sanitation and Cleanliness for a Healthy Environment. Berkeley: The Hesperian Foundation URL [Visita: 18.06.2019]
This article is a call for business to take action internally and to influence others to act urgently to give improved sanitation the priority of it need. It presents a set of case studies in which private companies and entrepreneurs have contributed to improve the situation in different part of the world and at the same time, have created profit.
WBCSD (2008): It is Time for Business to Act. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) URL [Visita: 18.06.2019]
This document precisely describes the concept and key stages of WSP. It also describes the brief guidance on the preparation and content of WSPs for each element of the water supply chain.
DWI (2005): A Brief Guide to Water Safety Plans. London: Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) URL [Visita: 18.06.2019]
This guideline for decision-makers has been developed to provide first guidance on how to implement the Bellagio Principles by applying the HCES approach. Assistance is given to those willing to include and test this new approach in their urban environmental sanitation service programmes. Since practical experience with the HCES approach is lacking, this guideline is neither comprehensive nor final, but will have to be developed further on the basis of extensive field experience. Available in English, French and Spanish.
EAWAG (2005): Household-Centred Environmental Sanitation, Implementing the Bellagio Principles in Urban Environmental Sanitation – Provisional Guideline for Decision Makers. Geneva, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology URL [Visita: 17.06.2019]
This document describes how the situation regarding sanitation looked like in Nepal before the CLTS approach was applied and how successful this approach was in Nepal.
WATERAID (2006): Community led total sanitation in Nepal getting us back on track. London: WaterAid URL [Visita: 17.06.2019]
This report is a synthesis of three individual country studies carried out in Bangladesh, Nepal and Nigeria in 2008-2009. The purpose of the study was to contribute to the global understanding of community-wide open defecation-free approaches, with a focus on the extent to which these approaches result in sustained and equitable improvements in sanitation behaviour.
WATERAID (2009): Sustainability and equity aspects of total sanitation programmes. A study of recent WaterAid-supported programmes in three countries. (= Global synthesis report ). London: WaterAid URL [Visita: 17.06.2019]
There is an international consensus that urban sanitary conditions are in great need of improvement, but sharp disagreement over how this improvement should be pursued. Both market-driven and state-led efforts to improve sanitation in deprived communities tend to be severely compromised, as there is a lack of effective market demand (due to collective action problems) and severe barriers to the centralized provision of low-cost sanitation facilities. In principle, community-driven initiatives have a number of advantages. This report investigates these challenges and opportunities.
MCGRANAHAN, G. (2013): Community-Driven Sanitation Improvement in Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods. Research Report. London, Bangladesh: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR), International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), WaterAid, Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity (SHARE) URL [Visita: 17.06.2019]
This manual is the second part of the manual described above. This manual provides curriculums and guidance to trainers on how to facilitate a five-day Training of Trainers’ Program on community-driven total sanitation.
WSP (2007): Training of Trainers’ Manual on Community-driven Total Sanitation. Module 2: Trainers’ Note. Washington, DC: Water and Sanitation Program URL [Visita: 17.06.2019]The official website of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance SuSanA. SuSanA is a loose network of a number of organizations active in the field of sanitation, founded in 2007. The goals and objectives of SuSanA are to contribute to the achievement of the MDGs, to raise awareness on what sustainable sanitation solutions are and to promote them on a larger scale. The website contains a number of Factsheets by the different SuSanA working groups on various subjects related to sustainable sanitation. There is section where everyone can upload important documents.
This document describes various training workshops in order to implement the CLTS approach.
KAR, K. (2010): Facilitating “Hands-On” Training Workshops For Community-Led Total Sanitation. Geneva: Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council URL [Visita: 17.06.2019]
Sanitation 21 presents an internationally recognized planning framework based upon key principles of sanitation planning and recommended process guidelines. Built upon practical experience and best practices, Sanitation 21 brings together decisions about technology and management options with stakeholder needs and preferences to help inform the choice of appropriate sanitation systems. It is written in non-technical language to be relevant to policy makers and practitioners who are interested in providing appropriate and affordable sanitation services and presents recommended activities to guide the development of a city sanitation plan. This revised version of the Sanitation 21 framework builds upon the increase in knowledge and experience in city-wide planning.
PARKINSON, J. LUETHI, C. WALTHER, D. IWA ; GIZ ; Eawag-Sandec (2014): Sanitation 21. A Planning Framework for Improving City-wide Sanitation Services. London: International Water Association (IWA) URL [Visita: 16.06.2019]The NETSSAF tutorial for sustainable sanitation planning introduces a participatory planning approach. It targets planners of sanitation programmes in West Africa and provides guidance in facilitating “informed choices” in consultation with users and other stakeholders.
In sanitation and hygiene programme and service delivery, several methods are used to engage target groups in development programmes to enable behavioural change and/or create a demand for services. These methods or approaches are generally referred to as ‘software’, to distinguish them from the provision of ‚hardware‘. This publication takes an in-depth look at the various hygiene and sanitation software approaches that have been deployed over the last 40 years in all types of settings – urban, informal-urban and rural, and aims to address such issues as what a particular approach is designed to achieve, what it actually comprises, when and where it should be used, how it should be implemented and how much it costs, etc.
PEAL, A. EVANS, B. VAN DER WOORDEN, C. (2010): Hygiene and Sanitation Software. An Overview of Approaches. Geneva: Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) URL [Visita: 16.06.2019]
Planning tools related to sustainable sanitation are discussed in this paper. Furthermore, a case study about the application of the framework in Lamborö, Sweden gives some interesting insights about challenges using the approach practically.
KVARNSTROEM, E. MCCONVILLE, J. (2007): Sanitation Planning – A Tool to Achieve Sustainable Sanitation?. Stockholm: Stockholm Environmental Institute URL [Visita: 16.06.2019]
This document reflects the framework of Sanitation 21 very detailed. Hence, it explains the single parts of the framework comprehensible.
IWA (2005): Sanitation 21. Simple Approaches to Complex Sanitation. A Draft Framework for Analysis . London: International Water Association IWA. URL [Visita: 16.06.2019]
The manual of the OPPS approach provides detailed information about the application of the framework.
KVARNSTROEM, E. AF PETERSENS, E. (2004): Open Planning of Sanitation Systems. Stockholm: Stockholm Environmental Institute URL [Visita: 16.06.2019]