تشير عملية إعداد السماد إلى تحلل المواد القابلة للتحلّل البيولوجي بواسطة الكائنات الحية الدقيقة - غالبًا البكتيريا والفطريات - في الظروف الهوائية. تُصمم غُرفة إعداد السماد Composting Chamber لتحويل فضلات الجسم والمواد العضوية إلى سماد. ويُعتبر السماد المنتج آمنًا ومستقرًا، ويمكن التعامل معه بأمان واستخدامه كمُحسّن للتربة.
تتطلب هذه التقنية عادةً أربعة أجزاء رئيسية: (1) مُفاعل (غُرفة التخزين)، (2) وحدة التهوية لتوفير الأوكسجين والسماح للغازات (ثاني أكسيد الكربون CO2 وبخار الماء) بالخروج، (3) نظام لجمع السوائل المرتشحة، (4) مَنفَذ لٳزالة المنتجات التي نضجت.
يتم خلط فضلات الجسم والمواد العضوية وبقايا الطعام والمواد المالئة (مثل قطع أو نشارة الخشب أو الرماد أو الورق) في الغُرفة. وهناك أربعة عوامل تضمن الأداء الجيد للنظام: (أ) الأوكسجين الكافي؛ ويتوفر عن طريق التهوية الفاعلة أو الخاملة، (ب) الرطوبة المناسبة (تعتبر 45-70% نسبة رطوبه مثالية)، (ج) الحرارة الداخلية لكُومة السماد تكون ما بين 40 إلى 50 درجة مئوية (تتحقق بتوفير أبعاد مناسبة للغُرفة)، (د) نسبة الكربون للنيتروجين (نظريًا؛ 25 جزء كربون إلى جزء واحد نيتروجين) والتي يمكن ضبطها بإضافة مواد عضوية مالئة كمصدر للكربون.
يصعُب عمليًا الحفاظ على هذه الشروط المثالية. ونتيجةً لذلك غالبًا ما تكون المنتجات غير مُعقمة أو صحية بما فيه الكفاية وتحتاج لمزيد من المُعالجة.
المُدخلات | المُخرَجات |
---|---|
فضلات الجسم , البراز , مواد عضوية , مواد التنظيف الجاف |
السماد العضوى , التدفقات السائلة الخارجة |
بما أن هذه التقنية صغيرة في الحجم ولا تتطلب وجود المياه، فإنها تُعتبر مناسبة في المناطق ذات المساحات المحدودة والمناطق شحيحة المياه، أو عندما يكون هناك حاجة ٳلى السماد. ويمكن أيضًا إنشاؤها في المناطق الصخرية، أو عندما يكون منسوب المياه الجوفية مرتفعًا. ينبغي في المناخات الباردة أن تكون غُرفة إعداد السماد في داخل البيوت لضمان عدم ٳعاقة درجات الحرارة المنخفضة للعمليات الميكروبية. لا يمكن استخدام هذه التقنية لجمع مياه تنظيف الشرج أو المياه الرمادية؛ حيث يصبح المُفاعل رطبًا جدًا، وهذا يؤدي إلى الظروف اللاهوائية التي ستسبب مشاكل الروائح والتحلّل غير الجيد.
يمكن تصميم غُرفة إعداد السماد بأشكال متنوعة؛ فقد تبنى فوق الأرض أو تحتها، وفي داخل البيوت أو كبِنية فوقية منفصلة.
يمكن اعتبار: 300 لتر/فرد/سنة كقيمة تصميمية (أو عامل تصميمي) لحساب حجم الغُرفة المطلوبة.
تُعتبر قنوات التهوية (أنابيب الهواء) تحت كومة السماد مفيدة للتهوية. وقد تحتوي التصميمات الأكثر تعقيدًا على مروحة صغيرة للتهوية، أو خلاط ميكانيكي، أو حجرات متعددة لإتاحة الفرصة لزيادة وقت التخزين والتحلّل. يُسهِّل انحدار قاع غُرفة إعداد السماد ووجود غُرفة فرعية لسحب السماد من الوصول إلى المنتج النهائي. كذلك، من المهم أيضًا وجود نظام لتصريف المياه لضمان إزالة السوائل المرتشحة.
يُثبط تواجد الأمونيا الزائده الناتجة عن البول من العمليات الميكروبية في الغُرفة. لذلك فإن استخدام المِرحاض الجاف الفاصل للبول أو المبولة يحسّن من جودة السماد.
إذا صُممت غُرفة إعداد السماد بشكل جيد فإنه لا يُفترض على المستخدمين أن يتعاملوا مع المحتويات وتدوالها خلال السنة الأولى.
لا تُخرج غُرفة إعداد السماد التي تعمل بشكل جيد أي روائح، وإذا توافرت المواد المالئة بشكلٍ كافٍ مع التهوية الجيدة، فلا يُفترض وجود أي مشاكل مع الذباب أو الحشرات الأخرى. عند إزالة المنتج النهائي، يفضّل ارتداء الملابس الواقية لمنع الاتصال المباشر بالمواد المُسمّدة (جزئيًا).
بالرغم من بساطة غُرف إعداد السماد من الناحية النظرية فإنها ليست سهلة التشغيل. فيجب التحكم في الرطوبة، والحفاظ على توازن نسبة الكربون إلى النيتروجين C:N، ويجب أن يكون حجم الوحدة مناسبًا بحيث تظل درجة حرارة كومة السماد مرتفعة لتخفيض مسبّبات للأمراض. بعد كل عملية تغوط تُضاف كمية صغيرة من المواد المالئة؛ لامتصاص السوائل الزائدة، ولتحسين تهوية كومة السماد، ولتحقيق التوازن في نسبة الكربون المُتاحة. تعمل عملية تقليب محتويات الغُرفة من وقت لآخر على زيادة الإمداد بالأكسجين.
يمكن عمل اختبار الضغط اليدوي Squeeze test للتحقق من مستوى الرطوبة داخل الغُرفة، فعند ضغط كمية صغيرة من السماد يدويًا؛ ينبغى ألا تتفتت العينة، وألا تكون جافة الملمس، وأيضًا لا تكون مثل الإسفنجة الرطبة، بمعنى آخر ينبغي أن يَترُك السماد بِضع قطرات من الماء في اليد فقط. إذا أصبحت المادة في الغُرفة مضغوطة للغاية ورطبة، فذلك يستوجب إضافة مواد مالئة إضافية. عند استخدام المِرحاض الجاف الفاصل للبول؛ فينبغي إضافة بعض الماء للحصول على الرطوبة المطلوبة.
لا بد من تفريغ غُرفة إعداد السماد - حسب التصميم - كل فترة (من سنتين إلى 10 سنوات)، ويجب استخراج السماد الناضج فقط. وقد تتطلب محتويات غُرفة إعداد السماد المزيد من المعالجة لتصبح آمنة صحيًا (على سبيل المثال، إعداد السماد مع إضافة المواد العضوية).
قد تتراكم الأملاح أو المواد الصلبة الأخرى مع مرور الوقت في الخزَّان أو نظام صرف المياه، لكن من الممكن إذابة هذه المواد بالماء الساخن و/أو كشطها.
الادارة الهندسية لمياة الصرف الصحى فى التجمعات السكانية الصغيرة
Technology Review of Composting Toilets
This GIZ publication explains the design, use and operational requirements of composting toilets. Ample examples for composting toilets from around the world are included in the publication to show that these types of toilets have a wide range of applications under a variety of circumstances (for wealthy or poor people; for cold, hot, wet or dry climates; for urban or rural settings). The appendix contains a listing of suppliers.
BERGER, W. (2011): Technology Review of Composting Toilets. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) URL [Accessed: 12.05.2019]Results in the Use and Practise of Composting Toilets in Multi Storey Houses in Bielefeld and Rostock, Germany- Presentation
This is a a presentation concerning composting toilets in four story buildings.
BERGER, W. (2009): Results in the Use and Practise of Composting Toilets in Multi Storey Houses in Bielefeld and Rostock, Germany- Presentation. Hamburg: Berger Biotechnik AG URL [Accessed: 22.11.2010]Komposttoiletten - Sanitärtechnik ohne Wasser
Compost Toilets. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action UK
This technical brief describes a compost toilet that has proven to be most effective in water-logged areas where pit-latrines and septic tanks are inappropriate.
CALVERT, P. (1999): Compost Toilets. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action UK. URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]The Composting Toilet System Book
The Composting Toilet System Book is an impressive, comprehensive, reader friendly, and practical guide to choosing, planning and maintaining composting toilet systems for those seeking an alternative to traditional sewer and septic tank systems. It explains the technologies, sources, applications, greywater issues, and regulations relevant to a composting toilet system for the home, whether manufactured or site-built.
DEL PORTO, D. STEINFELD, C. (1999): The Composting Toilet System Book. A Practicle Guide to Choosing, Planning and Maintaining Composting Toilet Systems, an Alternative to Sewer and Septic Systems. Concord: Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention (CEPP)Envirolet modern pre-fab home or cottage installation
Basic overview of Composting Toilets (with and without urine diversion)
The publication explains the purposes of urine diversion, its benefits and challenges, possibilities of urine treatment and reuse in agriculture. It provides an overview on design and operational aspects for equipment needed, such as waterless urinals and urine diversion toilets. An appendix with a worldwide listing of suppliers for waterless urinals and urine diversion toilet pedestals and squatting pans is also available.
GTZ (2010): Basic overview of Composting Toilets (with and without urine diversion). (= Technology Review ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 22.11.2010]Composting Toilets a Misnomer: Excessive Ammonia from Urine Inhibits Microbial Activity yet Is Insufficient in Sanitizing the End-Product
End-product from 16 public mixed latrine style composting toilets (CTs) at 12 sites between 50 and 2100 m.a.s.l. in Western North America was tested in order to evaluate the effect of composting variables on compost quality and hygiene.
HILL, G. B. ; BALDWIN, S. A. ; VINNERAAS, B. (2013): Composting Toilets a Misnomer: Excessive Ammonia from Urine Inhibits Microbial Activity yet Is Insufficient in Sanitizing the End-Product. المُدخلات: Journal of Environmental Management: Volume 119 , 29-35. URL [Accessed: 12.05.2019]The Humanure Handbook
A comprehensive book on recycling human excrement without chemicals, high technology or pollution. Well written, practical, and thoroughly researched, this self-published book is built on nearly twenty years of experience by the author, who tells us about every aspect of dealing with excrement on the home-scale level. Only available for free as web book.
JENKINS, J. (2005): The Humanure Handbook. A Guide to Composting Human Manure. (= 3rd Edition ). Grove City: Joseph Jenkins Inc. URL [Accessed: 16.08.2010]Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production
These guidelines provide a thorough background on the use of urine (and faeces) for agricultural purposes. Aspects discussed are requirements for plant growth, nutrients in excreta, hygiene aspects, and recommendations for cultivation. It provides detailed guidance on the use of urine for purposes.
JOENSSON, H. RICHERT, A. VINNERAAS, B. SALOMON, E. (2004): Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. (= EcoSanRes Publications Series , 2004 ). Stockholm: EcoSanRes URL [Accessed: 17.04.2012]Toilets That Make Compost
This book describes in an easy-to-understand and picture-based way how to construct three different low cost sanitation solutions, namely arborloos, fossa alterna and urine diversion toilets.
MORGAN, P. EcoSanRes (2007): Toilets That Make Compost . Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]Systems for Enhancing Ventilation for Improved Control of Odour and Fly Nuisance in Dry Urine Diverting Ecological Sanitation Toilets
This research report described information for improved ventilation, fly and odour control as well as impact of improved ventilation on drying within faecal chambers and pathogen die-off in dehydration toilets.
OKETCH, M. (2005): Systems for Enhancing Ventilation for Improved Control of Odour and Fly Nuisance in Dry Urine Diverting Ecological Sanitation Toilets. URL [Accessed: 22.07.2010]Guidelines on the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems
These guidelines provide a thorough background on the safe use of urine and faeces for agricultural purposes. Aspects like the health risk associated we the use of human excreta in agriculture and how to limit them are discussed.
SCHOENNING, C. STENSTROEM, T.A. (2004): Guidelines on the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems. (= EcoSanRes Publication Series ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 28.07.2014] PDFWater Efficiency Technology Fact Sheet - Composting Toilets
Factsheet including information related to microbial die-off rates and health risks.
U.S. EPA (1999): Water Efficiency Technology Fact Sheet - Composting Toilets. Washington D.C. (USA): United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Office of Water. EPA 832-F-99-066 URL [Accessed: 12.05.2019]Environmentally sound technologies in wastewater treatment for the implementation of the UNEP/GPA "Guidelines on Municipal Wastewater Management"
Technical information on environmentally sound technologies in wastewater treatment.
UNEP ; MURDOCH UNIVERSITY (2004): Environmentally sound technologies in wastewater treatment for the implementation of the UNEP/GPA "Guidelines on Municipal Wastewater Management". The Hague: United Nations Environment Programme Global Programme of Action (UNEP/GPA), Coordination OfficeGuidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture
Volume IV of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater recognizes the reuse potential of wastewater and excreta (including urine) in agriculture and describes the present state of knowledge as regards potential health risks associated with the reuse as well as measures to manage these health risks following a multi-barrier approach.
WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019] PDFPhilippines Sanitation Source Book and Decision Aid
This Sanitation Sourcebook distils some of the core concepts of sanitation in a user-friendly format so that the book can serve as a practical reference to sanitation professionals and investment decision-makers, particularly the local governments. The annexe contains a practical collection of factsheets on selected sanitation system options.
WSP (2007): Philippines Sanitation Source Book and Decision Aid. pdf presentation. Washington: Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). URL [Accessed: 01.06.2019]Technology Review of Composting Toilets
This GIZ publication explains the design, use and operational requirements of composting toilets. Ample examples for composting toilets from around the world are included in the publication to show that these types of toilets have a wide range of applications under a variety of circumstances (for wealthy or poor people; for cold, hot, wet or dry climates; for urban or rural settings). The appendix contains a listing of suppliers.
BERGER, W. (2011): Technology Review of Composting Toilets. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) URL [Accessed: 12.05.2019]Basic overview of Composting Toilets (with and without urine diversion)
The publication explains the purposes of urine diversion, its benefits and challenges, possibilities of urine treatment and reuse in agriculture. It provides an overview on design and operational aspects for equipment needed, such as waterless urinals and urine diversion toilets. An appendix with a worldwide listing of suppliers for waterless urinals and urine diversion toilet pedestals and squatting pans is also available.
GTZ (2010): Basic overview of Composting Toilets (with and without urine diversion). (= Technology Review ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 22.11.2010]Toilets
The first part of a sanitation system is the „user interface“, i.e. the toilet, pedestal, pan or urinal. It is an important part of the sanitation system because this is the part the user comes in contact with. Acceptance of a sanitation system therefore often mainly depends on the acceptance of the user interface. This paper gives an overview on developments of different technologies for user interfaces (UDDTs and urinals). The contributions present developments in different geographical regions: South America, East Africa and the Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) countries.
ECOSAN CLUB (2011): Toilets. (= Sustainable Sanitation Practice , 6 ). Vienna: Ecosan Club URLGuidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture
Volume IV of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater recognizes the reuse potential of wastewater and excreta (including urine) in agriculture and describes the present state of knowledge as regards potential health risks associated with the reuse as well as measures to manage these health risks following a multi-barrier approach.
WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019] PDFEcological Sanitation - revised and enlarged edition
This book is one of the most fundamental and important books that defined the concept of ecological sanitation. The first version came out in 1998 - this version presents the findings of over ten years of research and development in ecological sanitation supported by SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency).
WINBLAD, U. SIMPSON-HERBERT, M. (2004): Ecological Sanitation - revised and enlarged edition. (pdf presentation). Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute URL [Accessed: 04.08.2010]Ecological Sanitation
This book puts forward ecological sanitation as an alternative to conventional sanitation, and was one of the very first of its kind. It documents different options of ecosan based on dehydrating and composting toilets in use around the world. The book has been reviewed and enlarged since then.
ESREY, S. A. ; GOUGH, J. ; RAPAPORT, D. ; SAWYER, R. ; MAYLING, S.H. ; VARGAS, J. ; WINBLAD, U. (1998): Ecological Sanitation. Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]The Humanure Handbook
A comprehensive book on recycling human excrement without chemicals, high technology or pollution. Well written, practical, and thoroughly researched, this self-published book is built on nearly twenty years of experience by the author, who tells us about every aspect of dealing with excrement on the home-scale level. Only available for free as web book.
JENKINS, J. (2005): The Humanure Handbook. A Guide to Composting Human Manure. (= 3rd Edition ). Grove City: Joseph Jenkins Inc. URL [Accessed: 16.08.2010]Toilets That Make Compost
This book describes in an easy-to-understand and picture-based way how to construct three different low cost sanitation solutions, namely arborloos, fossa alterna and urine diversion toilets.
MORGAN, P. EcoSanRes (2007): Toilets That Make Compost . Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]Human Excreta Treatment Technologies - prerequisites, constraints and performance
The thesis consists of three papers, the first of which investigates incineration of faecal matter as a treatment and sanitation method using a locally fabricated incinerator made of steel sheets. The second and third papers investigate composting of faeces and food waste at two size scales, using 78-litre and 216- litre wooden reactors.
NIWAGABA, C. (2007): Human Excreta Treatment Technologies - prerequisites, constraints and performance. (= Licentiate thesis ). Uppsala: Swedish Agricultural University (SLU), Department of Biometry and EngineeringSmart Sanitation Solutions
Smart Sanitation Solutions presents examples of low-cost household and community-based sanitation solutions that have proven effective and affordable. A wide range of innovative technologies for toilets, collection, transportation, treatment and use of sanitation products that have already helped thousands of poor families to improve their lives is illustrated.
NWP (2006): Smart Sanitation Solutions. Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for toilets, collection, transportation, treatment and use of sanitation products. (= Smart water solutions ). Amsterdam: Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 28.07.2014] PDFGuidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture
Volume IV of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater recognizes the reuse potential of wastewater and excreta (including urine) in agriculture and describes the present state of knowledge as regards potential health risks associated with the reuse as well as measures to manage these health risks following a multi-barrier approach.
WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019] PDFPhilippines Sanitation Source Book and Decision Aid
This Sanitation Sourcebook distils some of the core concepts of sanitation in a user-friendly format so that the book can serve as a practical reference to sanitation professionals and investment decision-makers, particularly the local governments. The annexe contains a practical collection of factsheets on selected sanitation system options.
WSP (2007): Philippines Sanitation Source Book and Decision Aid. pdf presentation. Washington: Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). URL [Accessed: 01.06.2019]Water Efficiency Technology Fact Sheet - Composting Toilets
Factsheet including information related to microbial die-off rates and health risks.
U.S. EPA (1999): Water Efficiency Technology Fact Sheet - Composting Toilets. Washington D.C. (USA): United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Office of Water. EPA 832-F-99-066 URL [Accessed: 12.05.2019]Construction of Ecological Sanitation Latrine
This document sets out the principles for adopting an ecological sanitation approach, as well as providing guidance on the construction ecological sanitation latrines and their operation. It is intended to support sanitation field practitioners and WaterAid in Nepal ’s partners in the delivery of appropriate services and technologies to fit the needs of different users. .It is also equally hoped that this document will be of value to other organisations and sector stakeholders involved in sanitation promotion and ecological sanitation.
WATER AID (2011): Construction of Ecological Sanitation Latrine. Kathmandu: Water Aid URL [Accessed: 19.10.2011]How to Manage Public Toilets and Showers
The purpose of this decision-making aid is to provide practical advice and recommendations for managing toilet blocks situated in public places. It is primarily aimed at local decision-makers in developing countries and at their partners (project planners and managers).
TOUBKISS, J. (2010): How to Manage Public Toilets and Showers. (= Six Methodological Guides for a Water and Sanitation Services' Development Strategy , 5 ). Cotonou and Paris: Partenariat pour le Développement Municipal (PDM) and Programme Solidarité Eau (pS-Eau) URL [Accessed: 19.10.2011]Appendix: Range of manufacturers and commercially available composting toilets
List of supplier for commercially available composting toilets.
GTZ (2010): Appendix: Range of manufacturers and commercially available composting toilets. (= Technology Review ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 22.11.2010]Methods of Using "Toilet Compost" in Agriculture
This document gives a simple overview over toilet compost, its preparation and fields of application.
MORGAN, P. (2010): Methods of Using "Toilet Compost" in Agriculture. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 01.06.2019]The Toilet That Makes Humus
This easily understandable presentation deals with making humus in shallow pits by means of the Fossa alterna. Foci are set on: - How the Fossa alterna works (in Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi) - Stages of construction - Routine management - Changing pits - Potential problems - Hand washing devices - Humus from the Fossa alterna - Enhanced growth of vegetables with “Fossa humus”
MORGAN, P. (2004): The Toilet That Makes Humus. An Account of the Fossa Alterna System and its Usefulness in Rural and Peri-Urban Communities. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 20.06.2013]Plant Trials Using Fossa Alterna Humus
The ultimate proof of the usefulness of eco-humus and urine in agriculture is to demonstrate its effect on plant growth and yield directly. This chapter describes a series of trials in which the growth and yield of vegetables planted in humus derived from the Fossa alterna were studied.
MORGAN, P. (2004): Plant Trials Using Fossa Alterna Humus. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 20.06.2013]From pit latrine to nutrient conservation – Design and construction of an optimised public dehydration toilet in Ghana
As part of the project "Ecological development at Valley View University in Accra, Ghana", a public dehydration toilet building for about 250 male students was constructed on a campus as a first step, to find out about acceptance, function and treatment conditions.
BERGER, W. (2009): From pit latrine to nutrient conservation – Design and construction of an optimised public dehydration toilet in Ghana. Hamburg: Berger Biotechnik AG URL [Accessed: 22.11.2010]From pit latrine to nutrient conservation – Design and construction of an optimised public dehydration toilet in Ghana- Presentation
This presentation describes the installation of a public dehydration toilet building for about 250 male students at Valley View University in Accra, Ghana.
BERGER, W. (2009): From pit latrine to nutrient conservation – Design and construction of an optimised public dehydration toilet in Ghana- Presentation. Hamburg: Berger Biotechnik AG URL [Accessed: 22.11.2010]Results in the Use and Practise of Composting Toilets in Multi Storey Houses in Bielefeld and Rostock, Germany
This is a an article concerning composting toilets in four story buildings.
BERGER, W. (2009): Results in the Use and Practise of Composting Toilets in Multi Storey Houses in Bielefeld and Rostock, Germany. Hamburg: Berger Biotechnik AG URL [Accessed: 22.11.2010]Results in the Use and Practise of Composting Toilets in Multi Storey Houses in Bielefeld and Rostock, Germany- Presentation
This is a a presentation concerning composting toilets in four story buildings.
BERGER, W. (2009): Results in the Use and Practise of Composting Toilets in Multi Storey Houses in Bielefeld and Rostock, Germany- Presentation. Hamburg: Berger Biotechnik AG URL [Accessed: 22.11.2010]UDD Toilets with Reuse in Allotment Gardens.
Case study on an urban agriculture project with urine reuse in Northern Mindanao, Philippines.
HOLMER, R. SuSanA (2009): UDD Toilets with Reuse in Allotment Gardens.. (pdf presentation). (= SuSanA case study ). Cagayan de Oro Philippines: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]Improved traditional composting toilets with urine diversion, Leh, Jammu and Kashmir State, India - draft
In Leh, a small town in Jammu and Kashmir, people try to replace traditional sanitation systems by waterborne toilet systems. This project tries to revitalise the traditional ecological sanitation practice that is threatened to fall into oblivion. Different improvements of the traditional Ladhaki toilets are suggested. Due to an extremely dry climate, it is possible to process human excreta indoors without prior diversion of urine, by using a combination of soil composting and dehydration.
DAWA, S. KREUTZER, G. PANESAR, A. (2009): Improved traditional composting toilets with urine diversion, Leh, Jammu and Kashmir State, India - draft. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]Blackwater and greywater reuse system, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru
The following technologies were installed in the education centre “San Christoferus”: Constructed wetland for greywater treatment; compost filter for blackwater treatment; and double-vault urine diversion dehydration toilets. The aim of the project was to reduce water consumption and limit the wastewater flowing to the public sewer system, of which the largest part is discharged without treatment.
HOFFMANN, H. RUEN, S. SCHOEPE, A. (2009): Blackwater and greywater reuse system, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 02.06.2019]Introducing Low Cost Productive Sanitation in a Peri-Urban Settlement
The following presentation deals with low cost ecological toilets (Fossa alterna) which were introduced at Hopley Farm, a settlement close to Harare, Zimbabwe. The presentation addresses the following topics: - How the alternating shallow pit system works - Local agricultural practice - Linking sanitation to agriculture - Testing for effect of urine - Linking sanitation to forestry
MORGAN, P. (2010): Introducing Low Cost Productive Sanitation in a Peri-Urban Settlement. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 20.06.2013]Ecological Sanitation in Malawi
This illustrative presentation on ecological sanitation in Malawi, focuses on the concept of ecological sanitation, types of eco-toilets and basic methods of recycling nutrient from human excreta.
MORGAN, P. (2010): Ecological Sanitation in Malawi. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]Experiments with Ecological Sanitation and Pit Emptying in Maputaland, South Africa
This document describes the experimental design of ecological sanitation and pit-emptying trials in Maputaland, South Africa. It describes the situation found at field visits in 2000 and 2003.
MORGAN, P. (2003): Experiments with Ecological Sanitation and Pit Emptying in Maputaland, South Africa. A Description of Visits Made in 2000 and 2003. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 20.06.2013]The Arborloo Book for Ethiopia
This booklet describes how to make a toilet which is both low cost and easy to make. Builders and artisans are not required, once the householder has learned the basic methods of construction.
MORGAN, P. (2007): The Arborloo Book for Ethiopia. How to Make a Simple Pit Toilet and Grow Trees and Vegetables. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 20.06.2013]Lessons from a Low Cost Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Malawi
Low cost Ecological Sanitation programs in Malawi have led to the building of over 11,000 compost-producing toilets since 2003. While the toilets are affordable and simple to construct, the fact that they convert human waste into valuable odour-free compost, enables cost recovery for households and is a prime driver in popularizing EcoSan designs. This field note summarizes the lessons learned thus far in Malawi’s efforts to popularize ecological sanitation.
MORGAN, P. (2007): Lessons from a Low Cost Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Malawi. Washington: Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) URL [Accessed: 20.06.2013]Ecological Sanitation in Southern Africa
This document describes the ecological sanitation situation in South Africa, focussing on the range of technological options, promotional methods and recycling methods and the problem areas.
MORGAN, P. (2005): Ecological Sanitation in Southern Africa. Many Approaches to a Varied Need. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2013]Solutions for Mountain Regions
This Sustainable Sanitation Practice (SSP) issue contains the following contributions: 1. Source Separating Solutions for Mountain Regions, 2. "Gloggnitzer Huette" Sanitation System, 3. Solid Waste Management in Mountain Refuges.
MUELLEGGER, E. ; LANGEGRABER, G. ; LECHNER, M. (2011): Solutions for Mountain Regions. (= Sustainable Sanitation Practice , 8 ). Vienna: Ecosan Club URL [Accessed: 01.07.2013]The ROSA Project
The ROSA project stands for Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa. This Sustainable Sanitation Practice (SSP) issue contains the following contributions: 1. Introduction to the ROSA Project, 2. From Pilot Units to Large-Scale Implementation - Ethiopia, 3. Implementation of UDDTs at Schools - Kenya, 4. Urban Agriculture for Sanitation Promotion, 5. Operation an Maintenance in Practice, 6. Experiences from Strategic Sanitation Planning, 7. Main Findings and Main Achievements.
MUELLEGGER, E. ; LANGEGRABER, G. ; LECHNER, M. (2010): The ROSA Project. (= Sustainable Sanitation Practice , 4 ). Vienna: Ecosan Club URL [Accessed: 01.07.2013]Delivering Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in an Uncertain Environment: Thermophilic Composting of Human Wastes in Uncertain Urban Environments
This paper describes the project of constructing a thermophilic composting site in Haiti after the earthquake in 2010. The composting facilities have treated over 500,000 gallons of human waste in the past three years, converting it to pathogen free compost, over 10,000 gallons of which has been sold for use in agriculture and reforestation projects. The experience of thermophilic composting in Haiti is unique in scale and duration and can have global implications for waste treatment in both emergency and development contexts.
KRAMER, S. PRENETA, N. KILBRIDE, A. (2013): Delivering Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in an Uncertain Environment: Thermophilic Composting of Human Wastes in Uncertain Urban Environments. A Case Study from Haiti. (= WECD International Conference , 36 ). Oakland: Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL) URL [Accessed: 01.06.2019]Delivering Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in an Uncertain Environment: Piloting Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) in the Emergency Context of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, after the 2010 Earthquake
The earthquake that struck Haiti in January 2010 and the cholera epidemic that followed from October 2010, resulted in one of the largest humanitarian relief efforts in history. Many of the internally displaced persons camps were located in urban neighbourhoods with high groundwater, making onsite sanitation extremely difficult. In response to these unique conditions a small local organization, SOIL, partnered with Oxfam Great Britain to pilot urine diversion EcoSan toilets in camps throughout Port-au-Prince. This briefing paper covers this pilot project from March 2010 through March 2012. During that 2-year period, SOIL’s toilets served over 20,000 people and treated more than 400,000 gallons of human waste, converting it to rich compost.
KILBRIDE, A. KRAMER, S. PRENETA, N. (2013): Delivering Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in an Uncertain Environment: Piloting Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) in the Emergency Context of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, after the 2010 Earthquake. (= WECD International Conference , 36 ). Oakland: Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL) URL [Accessed: 01.06.2019]Compost Toilets. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action UK
This technical brief describes a compost toilet that has proven to be most effective in water-logged areas where pit-latrines and septic tanks are inappropriate.
CALVERT, P. (1999): Compost Toilets. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action UK. URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]Composting Latrines
Constructing Compost Toilets
Technical brief on the construction of composting toilets.
USAID (n.y): Constructing Compost Toilets. (= Water for the World, Technical note ). Washington: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]Designing Compost Toilets
Technical brief on the design of composting toilets.
USAID (n.y): Designing Compost Toilets. (= Water for the World, Technical note ). Washington: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]Operating and Maintaining Compost Toilets
Small scale composting of human faeces - in a Nutshell
This leaflet provides a summary on why and how to compost faeces.
VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY (2008): Small scale composting of human faeces - in a Nutshell. Hohenheim: University of Hohenheim (Germany), Berger Biotechnik, Valley View University Ghana URL [Accessed: 01.06.2019]Proper Use and Safe Handling of Ecosan By-Products
This poster illustrates how to use Ecosan toilets and handle faecal compost in a safe way.
NETWAS (n.y): Proper Use and Safe Handling of Ecosan By-Products. Kampala: Network for Water and Sanitation (NETWAS) URL [Accessed: 11.05.2019]Primary and Secondary Processing of Ecosan By-Products
This poster illustrates how to transform faecal waste to usable compost.
NETWAS (n.y): Primary and Secondary Processing of Ecosan By-Products. Kampala: Network for Water and Sanitation (NETWAS) URL [Accessed: 11.05.2019]Construction of Bench Style Double Vault Urine Diversion Toilet and Alternatives
The use of Urine Diversion (UD) in dry toilets allows faeces dehydration. Urine can be reused as urea, while faeces are dried in a double vault system of alternate use. The moisture comes out using ventilation pipes. After 2 years the end product can be emptied and reused without having any health risk. Water from washing can be treated in a constructed wetland and reused for instance for irrigation.
HOFFMANN, H. (2012): Construction of Bench Style Double Vault Urine Diversion Toilet and Alternatives. Lima: Rotaria del Peru SAC URL [Accessed: 26.03.2012]Is it Time to kill off the Flush Toilet?
Critical article on the conventional flush-and-forget toilet systems on the occasion of the World Toilet Summit and Expo in Macau.
DUNCAN, D. (2008): Is it Time to kill off the Flush Toilet?. المُدخلات: TIME.com: URL [Accessed: 10.08.2008]http://forest.mtu.edu/
A web portal giving an excellent introduction to composting toilets and latrine technology in developing countries. A brief introduction followed by the best links and sources available to put you on the road to ecological sanitation.
http://www.berger-biotechnik.com/
German provider of pre-fabricated composting toilets.