عندما يُخزن البُراز في معزل عن الرطوبة (أي بمعزل عن البول)، يتم تجفيفه إلى بُراز سهل التفتيت، أبيض - بني فاتح، خشن، هش أو مسحوق. تتبخر الرطوبة الطبيعية الموجودة في البُراز و/أو تُمتص بواسطة المواد المُجَفِّفة (مثل: الرماد، أو النشارة، أو الجير) التي تُضاف له. من المُمكن استخدام البُراز المُجَفَّف كمُحسِّن للتربة.
يختلف التجفيف Dehydration عن إعداد السماد Composting لأن المواد العضوية الموجودة لا تتحلل أو يتم تحويلها إلى صور أخرى، بل يتم فقط إزالة الرطوبة منها. يفقد البُراز حوالي 75% من حجمه بعد التجفيف، ويصبح البُراز المُجَفَّف بالكامل مُتَفَتِت على شكل مسحوق. تجف -أيضًا- الأجسام والقشور الخارجية للديدان والحشرات الموجودة في البُراز وتصبح جزءًا من المادة المُجَفَّفة.
يُعتبر البُراز المُجَفَّف مادة غنية بالكربون والمُغذيات، ولكن قد لا يزال يحتوي على حويصلات البروتوزوا Protozoan Cysts أو حويصلات البروتوزوا المُتَكيِّسة Prtozoan Oocysts (الأبواغ التي يُمكنها العيش والبقاء في الظروف البيئية القاسية، وإعادة الانتعاش والنمو تحت الظروف المواتية) ومسببات الأمراض الأخرى درجة تثبيط فعالية مسببات الأمراض تعتمد على درجة الحرارة، وقيمة الأس الهيدروجينى pH (استخدام الرماد أو الجير يرفع درجة الأس الهيدروجيني) وفترة التخزين. ومن المُسَلَّم به عمومًا أنه يجب تخزين البُراز ما بين 6 إلى 24 شهرًا، وبالرغم من ذلك فأن مسببات الأمراض قد لا تزال موجودة بعد هذه المدة (يرجى الرجوع إلى إرشادات منظمة الصحة العالمية WHO من أجل توجيهات محددة). يُمكن أن تُخلط المواد البُرازية مع التربة الزراعية (اعتمادًا على القبول المُجتمعي)، أو أن تُخلط بطريقة آمنة في التربة غير الزراعية، أو تُدفن في مكان آخر. وقد يكون التخزين الممتد من الخيارات الممكنة إذا لم يكن هناك استخدام فوري للمواد البُرازية .
المُدخلات | المُخرَجات |
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البراز المجفف |
الكتلة الحيوية |
Dehydration is different from composting because the organic material present is not degraded or transformed; only the moisture is removed. Faeces will reduce in volume by about 75% after dehydration. Completely dry faeces are a crumbly, powdery substance. The shells and carcasses of worms and insects in the faeces also dehydrate and becomes part of the dried material.
The material is rich in carbon and nutrients, but may still contain protozoan cysts or oocysts (spores that can survive extreme environmental conditions and be re-animated under favourable conditions) and other pathogens. The degree of pathogen inactivation will depend on the temperature, the pH (using ash or lime raises the pH) and storage time. It is generally accepted that faeces should be stored between 6 to 24 months, although pathogens may still exist after this time (refer WHO guidelines on excreta use in agriculture (Volume IV) for specific guidance).
The material can be mixed into soil for agriculture (depending on acceptance) or safely mixed into soil or buried elsewhere. Extended storage is also an option if there is no immediate use for the material (see surface disposal and storage).
البُراز الذي تم تجفيفه والاحتفاظ به ما بين 2 - 20 درجة مئوية ينبغي أن يتم تخزينه من سنة ونصف إلى سنتين قبل استخدامه على المستوى المنزلي أو المحلي، وفي درجات الحرارة العالية (أي، أكبر من 20 درجة مئوية في المتوسط) فمن المستحسن تخزين البُراز لأكثر من سنة؛ لتثبيط بويضات الإسكارس (نوع من الديدان الطُفيلية). ويُمكن تخزين البُراز لمدة قصيرة (أقل من ستة أشهر) إذا كانت درجة الأس الهيدروجيني pH أكبر من 9 إضافة الرماد أو الجير تزيد درجة الأس الهيدروجيني. يجب اعتبار إرشادات منظمة الصحة العالمية WHO قبل استخدام فضلات الإنسان في الزراعة.
التعامل مع البُراز المُجَفَّف واستخدامه قد لا يكون مقبولًا لدى بعض الناس. وبما أن البُراز المُجَفَّف يجب أن يكون جافًا، ومتفتتًا، وبدون رائحة؛ فقد يكون من السهل تفضيل استخدامه عن الروث او الحمأة. يُعتبر البُراز الجاف بيئة حاضنة للكائنات الحية، ولكنها لا تبقى طويلًا فيه. إذا تم خلط الماء أو البول مع البُراز المُجَفَّف، فإن الروائح والكائنات الحية قد تُصبح مشكلة، لأن البكتيريا تعيش بسهولة وتتكاثر في البُراز الرطب. البيئات الدافئة والرطبة مُساعدة للعمليات اللاهوائية، والتي يمكن أن تولد روائح كريهة.
وينبغي ألا يُستخدم البُراز المُجَفَّف مع المحاصيل خلال الشهر الأخير قبل الحصاد، هذه الفترة من الانتظار مهمة، خصوصًا مع المحاصيل التي تُستهلك طازجة بدون طهي.
عند إزالة البُراز المُجَفَّف من حُجرات التجفيف، يجب توخي الحذر من نفخ المسحوق أو استنشاقه. كما يجب على العاملين ارتداء الملابس الواقية المناسبة.
ويجب أن يبقى البُراز جافًا قدر الإمكان، وإذا دخل الماء أو البول وتم مزجه مع البُراز المُجَفَّف عن طريق الخطأ، فينبغي أن يُضاف إليه المزيد من الرماد، أو الجير، أو التربة الجافة للمساعدة في امتصاص الرطوبة. والوقاية هي أفضل طريقة للحفاظ على جفاف البُراز.
حلول تقنيات وممارسات افضل للصرف الصحى دليل الاحياء الهاشمية فى نواكشوط -موريتانيا
الادارة الهندسية لمياة الصرف الصحى فى التجمعات السكانية الصغيرة
Urine-diversion. Ecological Sanitation Systems in South Africa
This publication includes directions for making a simple urinal using a 5 litre plastic container.
AUSTIN, A. DUNCKER, L. (2002): Urine-diversion. Ecological Sanitation Systems in South Africa. Ecological Sanitation Systems in South Africa. Pretoria: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. Factsheet
A 2-page factsheet summarizing the EcoSanRes ‘Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production’ publication with short information on urine as a fertilizer, application rates etc.
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These guidelines provide a thorough background on the use of urine (and faeces) for agricultural purposes. Aspects discussed are requirements for plant growth, nutrients in excreta, hygiene aspects, and recommendations for cultivation. It provides detailed guidance on the use of urine for purposes.
JOENSSON, H. RICHERT, A. VINNERAAS, B. SALOMON, E. (2004): Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. (= EcoSanRes Publications Series , 2004 ). Stockholm: EcoSanRes URL [Accessed: 17.04.2012]Technology Review of Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets (UDDTs)
This publication offers a complete overview of UDDT functions, design considerations, common operation and maintenance issues and generalised installation costs. Its focus is on applications in developing countries and countries in transition, although UDDTs are also applicable in developed countries.
RIECK, C. MUENCH, E. HOFFMANN, H. (2012): Technology Review of Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets (UDDTs). Overview on Design, Management, Maintenance and Costs. (= Technology Review ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 11.05.2019]Guidelines for the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems
These guidelines provide a thorough background on the safe use of urine and faeces for agricultural purposes. Aspects like the health risk associated we the use of human excreta in agriculture and how to limit them are discussed.
SCHOENNING, C. STENSTROEM, T. A. (2004): Guidelines for the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems. (= EcoSanRes Publication Series, Report 2004-1 ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment InstituteCompendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 28.07.2014] PDFGuidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture
Volume IV of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater recognizes the reuse potential of wastewater and excreta (including urine) in agriculture and describes the present state of knowledge as regards potential health risks associated with the reuse as well as measures to manage these health risks following a multi-barrier approach.
WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019] PDFEcological Sanitation - revised and enlarged edition
This book is one of the most fundamental and important books that defined the concept of ecological sanitation. The first version came out in 1998 - this version presents the findings of over ten years of research and development in ecological sanitation supported by SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency).
WINBLAD, U. SIMPSON-HERBERT, M. (2004): Ecological Sanitation - revised and enlarged edition. (pdf presentation). Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute URL [Accessed: 04.08.2010]Excreta Use in Agriculture, Lecture taken from the XU Ecosan Course
Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic)
This is the Arabic version of the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. The Compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. SCHERTENLEIB, R. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic). 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) PDFUrine-diversion. Ecological Sanitation Systems in South Africa
This publication includes directions for making a simple urinal using a 5 litre plastic container.
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A 2-page factsheet summarizing the EcoSanRes ‘Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production’ publication with short information on urine as a fertilizer, application rates etc.
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Presentation on experiences with the use of urine (and faeces) in agriculture including research results, conducted taste tests and calculations on the fertiliser value.
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These guidelines provide a thorough background on the use of urine (and faeces) for agricultural purposes. Aspects discussed are requirements for plant growth, nutrients in excreta, hygiene aspects, and recommendations for cultivation. It provides detailed guidance on the use of urine for purposes.
JOENSSON, H. RICHERT, A. VINNERAAS, B. SALOMON, E. (2004): Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. (= EcoSanRes Publications Series , 2004 ). Stockholm: EcoSanRes URL [Accessed: 17.04.2012]Methods of Using "Toilet Compost" in Agriculture
This document gives a simple overview over toilet compost, its preparation and fields of application.
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This publication offers a complete overview of UDDT functions, design considerations, common operation and maintenance issues and generalised installation costs. Its focus is on applications in developing countries and countries in transition, although UDDTs are also applicable in developed countries.
RIECK, C. MUENCH, E. HOFFMANN, H. (2012): Technology Review of Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets (UDDTs). Overview on Design, Management, Maintenance and Costs. (= Technology Review ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 11.05.2019]Guidelines for the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems
These guidelines provide a thorough background on the safe use of urine and faeces for agricultural purposes. Aspects like the health risk associated we the use of human excreta in agriculture and how to limit them are discussed.
SCHOENNING, C. STENSTROEM, T. A. (2004): Guidelines for the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems. (= EcoSanRes Publication Series, Report 2004-1 ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment InstituteCompendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 28.07.2014] PDFGuidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture
Volume IV of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater recognizes the reuse potential of wastewater and excreta (including urine) in agriculture and describes the present state of knowledge as regards potential health risks associated with the reuse as well as measures to manage these health risks following a multi-barrier approach.
WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019] PDFEcological Sanitation - revised and enlarged edition
This book is one of the most fundamental and important books that defined the concept of ecological sanitation. The first version came out in 1998 - this version presents the findings of over ten years of research and development in ecological sanitation supported by SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency).
WINBLAD, U. SIMPSON-HERBERT, M. (2004): Ecological Sanitation - revised and enlarged edition. (pdf presentation). Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute URL [Accessed: 04.08.2010]Excreta Use in Agriculture, Lecture taken from the XU Ecosan Course
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This manual provides the background of ecological sanitation and gives guidance how to construct and operate a UDDT. The manual, originally published in 2006, has been revised based on the experiences of more than 10 years in 12 countries by WECF with local partners.
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This illustrative presentation on ecological sanitation in Malawi, focuses on the concept of ecological sanitation, types of eco-toilets and basic methods of recycling nutrient from human excreta.
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Lecture on agricultural aspects of ecosan comprising chapters on plant requirements, composition and plant availability of nutrients in human excreta as well as general application recommendations and safety measures.
JENSSEN, P. HEEB, J. GANAKAN, K. CONRADIN, K. (2008): M4-7: Agricultural Aspects. المُدخلات: HEEB, J. ; JENSSEN, P. ; GNANAKAN ; CONRADIN, K. ; (2008): Ecosan Curriculum 2.3. Switzerland, India and Norway: [Accessed: 21.03.2011]. PDF