البول المُخزَّن Stored Urine هو مصدرٌ مركّزٌ للمُغذيات، إذ يمكن استخدامه كسماد سائل في الزراعة لاستبدال كل أو بعض الأسمدة الكيميائية التجارية.
تعتمد إرشادات استخدام البول على فترة التخزين ودرجة الحرارة (انظر إرشادات منظمة الصحة العالمية WHO الخاصة بفضلات الجسم المستخدمة في الزراعة لتحقيق متطلبات محددة)، ومع ذلك فمن المقبول عمومًا إذا تم تخزين البول لمدة شهر على الأقل أنه يكون آمنًا للاستخدام الزراعي على المستوى المنزلي؛ أما إذا تم استخدام البول للمحاصيل التي سوف تُؤكل من قِبل أشخاص آخرين غير الذين أنتجوه، فإنه يجب أن يتم تخزينه لمدة ستة أشهر.
وتوجد فائدة أخرى لاستخدام البول، وهي إضافته على السماد العضوي لزيادة قيمته. وهناك تقنيات ناشئة لإنتاج الأسمدة من البول، وهي حاليًا قيد البحث والتطوير .
يُعتبر بول الأشخاص الطبيعيين الأصحاء خاليًا من مسببات الأمراض. ويحتوي البول أيضًا على مُعظم المُغذيات التي تُفرز من الجسم، ويختلف تكوينه باختلاف النظام الغذائي، والجنس، والمناخ، واستهلاك المياه، ... إلخ، لكن -بشكل عام- ما يقرب من 88% من النيتروجين، و 61% من الفوسفور، و 74% من البوتاسيوم الذي يخرج من جسم الانسان يوجد في البول.
المُدخلات | المُخرَجات |
---|---|
البول المُخزَّن |
الكتلة الحيوية |
The guidelines for urine use are based on storage time and temperature (see WHO guidelines on excreta use in agriculture for specific requirements). However, it is generally accepted that if urine is stored for at least 1 month, it will be safe for agricultural application at the household level. If urine is used for crops that are eaten by people other than the urine producer, it should be stored beforehand for 6 months.
Another beneficial use of urine is as an additive to enrich compost. Technologies for the production of urine-based fertilizers are currently under research (e.g., struvite, Emerging Sanitation Technologies).
From normal, healthy people, urine is virtually free of pathogens. Urine also contains the majority of nutrients that are excreted by the body. Its composition varies depending on diet, gender, climate, water intake, etc., but roughly 88% of nitrogen, 61% of phosphorus and 74% of potassium excreted from the body is in urine.
لا ينبغي استخدام البول المُخزَّن مباشرة على النباتات، بسبب ارتفاع قيمة الأس الهيدروجيني pH له، وتكوينه المُرَكَّز، وبدلًا من ذلك، يمكن أن:
1- يُخلط بدون تخفيف مع التربة قبل الزراعة؛
2-يُصب في قنوات الري )أو المساقي)داخل الأرض، ولكن على مسافة بعيدة بما فيه الكفاية عن جذور النباتات، ويُغطّى على الفور )ولكن يجب ألا يتكرر ذلك لأكثر من مرة أو مرتين خلال موسم النمو(.
3-يُخفف عدة مرات، بحيث يمكن أن يُستخدم بانتظام حول النباتات )حوالي مرتين أسبوعيًا أو أقل(.
ويعتمد مُعدَّل الاستخدام الأمثل للبول على: النيتروجين المطلوب ومدى تحمل المحاصيل التي سيتم زراعتها، وتركيز النيتروجين في السائل، وكذلك معدل فقدان الأمونيا أثناء الاستخدام. كقاعدة عامة مبنية على التجربة، يمكن افتراض أن المتر المربع من الأراضي الزراعية يمكنه الحصول على 1.5 لتر من البول في موسم النمو الواحد )هذه الكمية مبنية على إنتاج البول اليومي للشخص الواحد، وعلى احتياج الهكتار من النيتروجين: 40-110 كجم نيتروجين/هكتار(، وبالتالي فإن البول المُنتج من شخص واحد خلال سنة واحدة، كافي لتسميد 300-400 متر مربع من الأراضي الزراعية.
على الرّغم من أن نسبة التخفيف الصحيحة تعتمد على التربة ونوع الخضار؛ يُعتبر مزج جزءًا من البول إلى ثلاثة أجزاء من الماء تخفيفًا فعالًا لاستخدام البول للخضروات،. إذا تم استخدام البول المُخفف في نظام الري فإنه يُشار إلى هذه العملية باسم “التسميد في الري (أو الري المُسَمَّد) Fertigation” (خلال موسم الأمطار، يمكن استخدام البول مباشرة في حُفر صغيرة بالقرب من النباتات، ومن ثم يحدث تخفيف له بمياه الأمطار بصورة طبيعية.
يُشكل البول حدًا متدنيًا من خطر الإصابة بالعدوى، وخصوصا عندما يتم تخزينه لفترة زمنية طويلة؛ ومع ذلك، فيجب التعامل مع البول بعناية، وينبغي ألا يُستخدم مع المحاصيل خلال الشهر الأخير قبل الحصاد، هذه الفترة من الانتظار مهمة، خصوصًا مع المحاصيل التي تُستهلك طازجة بدون طهي )يرجى الرجوع إلى إرشادات منظمة الصحة العالمية WHO من أجل توجيهات محددة(.
قد يكون القبول الاجتماعي لهذه التقنية صعبًا، حيث رائحة البول المُخزَّن قوية، والبعض يستاء من العمل به، أو حتى التواجد بالقرب منه. إذا تم تخفيف البول و/أو صبه مباشرة في الأرض، فإنه يمكن تخفيف رائحته. استخدام البول قد يكون أقل قبولًا في المناطق الحضرية أو شبه الحضرية حيث تكون الحدائق المنزلية قريبة من البيوت، أما في المناطق الريفية فتكون المنازل والأراضي الزراعية منفصلة عن بعضها، وذلك يُزيد من قبول استخدام البول.
مع مرور الوقت، بعض الأملاح المعدنية في البول قد تترسب )وخاصة فوسفات الكالسيوم وفوسفات الماغنيسيوم(. قد يتم انسداد بعض المعدات التي يتم استخدامها لجمع، أو نقل، أو استخدام البول (مثل، أوعية الري التي بها ثقوب صغيرة)، وذلك نتيجة ترسب الأملاح على الثقوب. ويمكن إزالة معظم الترسبات بسهولة بالماء الساخن وقليلًا من الحامض )الخل(، أو إزالتها يدويًا بالكشط في بعض الحالات المتفاقمة.
Read our highly visited factsheet on coagulation-flocculation!
حلول تقنيات وممارسات افضل للصرف الصحى دليل الاحياء الهاشمية فى نواكشوط -موريتانيا
الادارة الهندسية لمياة الصرف الصحى فى التجمعات السكانية الصغيرة
Struvite Recovery from Urine at Community Scale in Nepal Final Project Report Phase I.
Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production
These guidelines provide a thorough background on the use of urine (and faeces) for agricultural purposes. Aspects discussed are requirements for plant growth, nutrients in excreta, hygiene aspects, and recommendations for cultivation. It provides detailed guidance on the use of urine for purposes.
JOENSSON, H. RICHERT, A. VINNERAAS, B. SALOMON, E. (2004): Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. (= EcoSanRes Publications Series , 2004 ). Stockholm: EcoSanRes URL [Accessed: 17.04.2012]The Usefulness of Urine
The chapter "the usefulness of urine" is about different methods of collecting urine, storage, uses of urine in agriculture and gives various examples of using urine to enhance vegetable production in containers and on fields
MORGAN, P. (2004): The Usefulness of Urine. Part III, chapter 14. المُدخلات: Morgan, P. ; (2014): An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa. A Compilation of Experiences. Harare: pp. 174-189. URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]Toilets That Make Compost
This book describes in an easy-to-understand and picture-based way how to construct three different low cost sanitation solutions, namely arborloos, fossa alterna and urine diversion toilets.
MORGAN, P. EcoSanRes (2007): Toilets That Make Compost . Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]Technology Review of Urine Diversion Components
The publication explains the purposes of urine diversion, its benefits and challenges, urine precipitation, urine treatment and reuse in agriculture. Further, it provides an overview on design and operational aspects for equipment needed, such as waterless urinals and urine diversion toilets including supplier information and indicative costs. Overall, it pulls together scattered knowledge around the topic of urine diversion in a concise manner.
MUENCH, E. von WINKER, M. (2011): Technology Review of Urine Diversion Components. Overview of Urine Diversion Components such as Waterless Urinals, Urine Diversion Toilets, Urine Storage and Reuse Systems. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 11.05.2019]Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production
This practical guideline on the use of urine in agricultural productions gives some background information on basic plant requirements and how they can be met with urine as a liquid fertiliser.
RICHERT, A. GENSCH, R. JOENSSON, H. STENSTROEM, T.A. DAGERSKOG, L. (2010): Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production. (= EcoSanRes Publication Series, Report No. 2010-1 ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]Guidelines on the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems
These guidelines provide a thorough background on the safe use of urine and faeces for agricultural purposes. Aspects like the health risk associated we the use of human excreta in agriculture and how to limit them are discussed.
SCHOENNING, C. STENSTROEM, T.A. (2004): Guidelines on the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems. (= EcoSanRes Publication Series ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 28.07.2014] PDFGuidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume III. Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture
Volume III of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater deals with wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture and describes the present state of knowledge regarding the impact of wastewater-fed aquaculture on the health of producers, product consumers and local communities. It assesses the associated health risks and provides an integrated preventive management framework.
WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume III. Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture
Volume IV of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater recognizes the reuse potential of wastewater and excreta (including urine) in agriculture and describes the present state of knowledge as regards potential health risks associated with the reuse as well as measures to manage these health risks following a multi-barrier approach.
WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019] PDFGuidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. Factsheet
A 2-page factsheet summarizing the EcoSanRes ‘Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production’ publication with short information on urine as a fertilizer, application rates etc.
ECOSANRES (2008): Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. Factsheet. (pdf presentation). (= EcoSanRes Factsheet , 6 ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]Large Scale Handling of Urine and Faeces
Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic)
This is the Arabic version of the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. The Compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. SCHERTENLEIB, R. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic). 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) PDFFertilisation with Urine in Agriculture – in a Nutshell
This leaflet provides a summary on why and how to fertilize with urine including brief application recommendations, hygiene considerations and trouble shooting support.
VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY (2008): Fertilisation with Urine in Agriculture – in a Nutshell. University of Hohenheim Germany: Berger Biotechnik and Valley View University Ghana.Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production
This practical guideline on the use of urine in agricultural productions gives some background information on basic plant requirements and how they can be met with urine as a liquid fertiliser.
RICHERT, A. GENSCH, R. JOENSSON, H. STENSTROEM, T.A. DAGERSKOG, L. (2010): Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production. (= EcoSanRes Publication Series, Report No. 2010-1 ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]Urine as Liquid Fertilizer in Agricultural Production in the Philippines
This field guide has been developed to accommodate the ever-increasing demand for more detailed and scientifically backed information on how to use urine in agricultural production. It is intended primarily for practitioners and experts in the water, sanitation, planning, and agriculture sectors, as well as local and national government officials from the various sectors, NGO and individuals interested and working in the field of agriculture and sustainable sanitation in the Philippines and the wider Southeast Asian region.
GENSCH, R. MISO, A. ITSCHON, G. (2011): Urine as Liquid Fertilizer in Agricultural Production in the Philippines. Cagayan de Oro: Sustainable Sanitation Center Xavier University (XU), the Philippine Sustainable Sanitation Knowledge Node, the Philippine Ecosan Network, and the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 07.05.2019]Urine and Faeces as Fertilizers in the CREPA Network
Presentation on experiences with the use of urine (and faeces) in agriculture including research results, conducted taste tests and calculations on the fertiliser value.
DAGERSKOG, L. SuSanA (2009): Urine and Faeces as Fertilizers in the CREPA Network. pdf presentation. (= SuSanA presentation WG , 5 ). Ouagadougou: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance URL [Accessed: 27.05.2019]Philippine Allotment Garden Manual
This manual provides information on the allotment garden project in Cagayan de Oro including an introduction to Ecosan and the use of treated urine in the gardens.
HOLMER, R. SANTOS, C. SOL, G. LEE, S. ELORDE, E. AQUINO, A. GUANZON, Y. ACHAS, D. CASERIA, J. FACTURA, H. MISO, A. OCLARIT, R. MONTES, A. Periurban Vegetable Project (PUVeP) (2008): Philippine Allotment Garden Manual. (pdf presentation). Cagayan de Oro City: Xavier University College of AgricultureGuidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production
These guidelines provide a thorough background on the use of urine (and faeces) for agricultural purposes. Aspects discussed are requirements for plant growth, nutrients in excreta, hygiene aspects, and recommendations for cultivation. It provides detailed guidance on the use of urine for purposes.
JOENSSON, H. RICHERT, A. VINNERAAS, B. SALOMON, E. (2004): Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. (= EcoSanRes Publications Series , 2004 ). Stockholm: EcoSanRes URL [Accessed: 17.04.2012]Experiments at Recycling Urine in School Gardens
Garden Trials Using Urine as a Plant Food
Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. Factsheet
A 2-page factsheet summarizing the EcoSanRes ‘Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production’ publication with short information on urine as a fertilizer, application rates etc.
ECOSANRES (2008): Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. Factsheet. (pdf presentation). (= EcoSanRes Factsheet , 6 ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume III. Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture
Volume III of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater deals with wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture and describes the present state of knowledge regarding the impact of wastewater-fed aquaculture on the health of producers, product consumers and local communities. It assesses the associated health risks and provides an integrated preventive management framework.
WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume III. Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture
Volume IV of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater recognizes the reuse potential of wastewater and excreta (including urine) in agriculture and describes the present state of knowledge as regards potential health risks associated with the reuse as well as measures to manage these health risks following a multi-barrier approach.
WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019] PDFRisk of Clogging of Drip-Line Emitters during Urine Fertilization through Drip Irrigation Equipment
UDD Toilets with Reuse in Allotment Gardens.
Case study on an urban agriculture project with urine reuse in Northern Mindanao, Philippines.
HOLMER, R. SuSanA (2009): UDD Toilets with Reuse in Allotment Gardens.. (pdf presentation). (= SuSanA case study ). Cagayan de Oro Philippines: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]Community-Led Water and Ecosan Programme
Case study on a community led sanitation project that introduced UDDT, Biogas & Double Urn Toilets and use of urine in Shaanxi Province, China.
KUMAR, P. SuSanA (2008): Community-Led Water and Ecosan Programme. (= SuSanA case study ). Shaanxi Province, China: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)UDD Toilets at a Rural Secondary School Kalunga, Uganda
Case study on a school UDDT project and the reuse of the collected urine in Kalunga, Uganda
MUELLEGGER, E. SuSanA (2009): UDD Toilets at a Rural Secondary School Kalunga, Uganda. (= SuSanA case study ). Sustainable Sanitation Alliance URL [Accessed: 12.12.2012]Rural Community and School UDD Toilets in Misamis Oriental
Case study on a community and school UDDT project with urine reuse in Misamis Oriental, Philippines.
SAYRE, E. VON MUENCH, E. SuSanA (2009): Rural Community and School UDD Toilets in Misamis Oriental. (pdf presentation). (= SuSanA case study ). Libertad, Initao & Manticao, Philippines: Sustainable Sanitation ExchangeUrine and Faeces as Fertilizers in the CREPA Network
Presentation on experiences with the use of urine (and faeces) in agriculture including research results, conducted taste tests and calculations on the fertiliser value.
DAGERSKOG, L. SuSanA (2009): Urine and Faeces as Fertilizers in the CREPA Network. pdf presentation. (= SuSanA presentation WG , 5 ). Ouagadougou: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance URL [Accessed: 27.05.2019]Using Urine to Increase Maize Production in Schools
This presentation exemplifies on how to increase maize production through the application of urine fertiliser.
MORGAN, P. SHANGWA, A. (2009): Using Urine to Increase Maize Production in Schools. The Chisungu Primary School Water and Sanitation project. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]Growing Maize with the Help of Toilet Compost and Urine on Poor Sandy Soils
This document reports the field trials of application of urine and toilet compost on a maize field in Epworth in Simbabwe.
MORGAN, P. (2005): Growing Maize with the Help of Toilet Compost and Urine on Poor Sandy Soils. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 20.06.2013]Ecological Sanitation in Southern Africa
This document describes the ecological sanitation situation in South Africa, focussing on the range of technological options, promotional methods and recycling methods and the problem areas.
MORGAN, P. (2005): Ecological Sanitation in Southern Africa. Many Approaches to a Varied Need. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2013]Ecological Sanitation in Malawi
This illustrative presentation on ecological sanitation in Malawi, focuses on the concept of ecological sanitation, types of eco-toilets and basic methods of recycling nutrient from human excreta.
MORGAN, P. (2010): Ecological Sanitation in Malawi. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]The ROSA Project
The ROSA project stands for Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa. This Sustainable Sanitation Practice (SSP) issue contains the following contributions: 1. Introduction to the ROSA Project, 2. From Pilot Units to Large-Scale Implementation - Ethiopia, 3. Implementation of UDDTs at Schools - Kenya, 4. Urban Agriculture for Sanitation Promotion, 5. Operation an Maintenance in Practice, 6. Experiences from Strategic Sanitation Planning, 7. Main Findings and Main Achievements.
MUELLEGGER, E. ; LANGEGRABER, G. ; LECHNER, M. (2010): The ROSA Project. (= Sustainable Sanitation Practice , 4 ). Vienna: Ecosan Club URL [Accessed: 01.07.2013]Alternatives to Conventional Wastewater Systems
Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Prospective
The study aimed at assessing the feasibility of using urine as a fertilizer and drip irrigation technology to address food scarcity that has hit Uganda as a country of late. The study revealed high rates of return for a farmer who chooses to practice drip irrigation and fertigation. This however gives best results with effective disease control.
BAMUTAZE, A.B.N. BABIRYE, V. (2013): Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Prospective. A Case Study of Cabbage Growing at the ATC, Mukono District. Mukono: Appropriate Technology Centre (ATC) for Water and Sanitation URL [Accessed: 21.10.2013]M4-7: Agricultural Aspects
Lecture on agricultural aspects of ecosan comprising chapters on plant requirements, composition and plant availability of nutrients in human excreta as well as general application recommendations and safety measures.
JENSSEN, P. HEEB, J. GANAKAN, K. CONRADIN, K. (2008): M4-7: Agricultural Aspects. المُدخلات: HEEB, J. ; JENSSEN, P. ; GNANAKAN ; CONRADIN, K. ; (2008): Ecosan Curriculum 2.3. Switzerland, India and Norway: [Accessed: 21.03.2011]. PDFExcreta Use in Agriculture, Lecture taken from the XU Ecosan Course
Ecosan – Assainir Pour Produire Plus!. Burkina Faso
How to Separate Urine
This flyer contains information about the importance of urine reuse. The nutrients in urine are easily taken up by plants. The fertilised plant will grow faster, develop more leaves and produce higher yields. Applying urine to crops instead of chemical fertilisers saves money and energy and produces a similar yield. One person produces about 500 liter urine per year.
WECF (2010): How to Separate Urine. Utrecht/Munich/Annemasse: Women in Europe for a Common Future URL [Accessed: 06.01.2011]Big, Sweet Tomatoes - Food Security and Productive Sanitation
This link provides information on the Stockholm World Water Week Session ‘Big Sweet Tomatoes – Food Security and Productive Sanitation’ that focussed on a project funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) in Niger with a strong focus on urine reuse.