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Eritrea - Projects, Programmes, Publications and Videos
https://www.ifad.org/en/web/operations/country/id/eritrea [Accessed: 08.05.2019]

Water is precious in Eritrea, where farmers have to cope with droughts and crop failures. With support from the government and an IFAD-funded project, farmers and herders are expanding spate irrigation, an ancient form of water management. By harnessing floodwaters and collecting run-off, farmers can provide enough water for the crop season. Now some farmers can obtain yields that are six times what they used to be.

Re-use of Greywater for Agricultural Irrigation

Study on the use of greywater for agricultural irrigation in the South African context with special focus on comparing the irrigation of plants with nutrient solution, greywater and tap water.

SALUKAZANA, L. JACKSON, S. RODDA, N. SMITH, M. GOUNDEN, T. MACLEOD, N. BUCKLEY, C. (n.y): Re-use of Greywater for Agricultural Irrigation. Kwazulu-Natal: University of Kwazulu-Natal URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Duckweed Aquaculture

This literature review provides a first overview of the possibilities, potentials and limits of duckweed aquaculture and its combined use in wastewater treatment and animal feed production in low and middle-income countries. It is somewhat limited as critical literature on duckweed field use is scarce and difficult to obtain (e.g. unpublished internal documents).

IQBAL, S. (1999): Duckweed Aquaculture. Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Spate Irrigation, Livelihood Improvement and Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change

Whereas spate irrigation is the ultimate adaptation to climate variability, this document prepared for IFAD is an overview of likely impact of climate change and practical possibilities for livelihood improvement.

STEENBERGEN, F. van VERHEIJEN, O. AARST, S. van HAILE, M.H. (n.y): Spate Irrigation, Livelihood Improvement and Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change. URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) System Remediation - A Case Study

This paper reviews minimum design recommendations and a case study of remediation efforts on an existing commercial field.

ROGERS, D.H. LAMM, F.R. CLARK, G.A. (2004): Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) System Remediation - A Case Study. St. Joseph: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Drip Irrigation Controls Soil Salinity Under Row Crops

Keeping soil salinity low in the root zone is crucial to growers of salt-sensitive crops. This study investigated patterns of soil salinity under surface and subsurface drip irrigation. High soil salinity occurred midway between drip laterals for both irrigation methods and above the drip tape for subsurface drip irrigation. Rainfall leached the salts from the zones of high salinity for both irrigation methods.

HANSON, B.R. ; BENDIXEN, W.E. (1995): Drip Irrigation Controls Soil Salinity Under Row Crops. المُدخلات: California Agriculture: URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Box 5.4 Vertical gardens in Gaberone, Botswana

Short description on a container gardening system for dry areas based on walls with built-in growth boxes made of hollow concrete blocks and developed by a Swedish horticulturist in Botswana.

WINBLAD, U. SIMPSON-HERBERT, M. (2004): Box 5.4 Vertical gardens in Gaberone, Botswana. المُدخلات: WINBLAD, U. ; SIMPSON-HERBERT, M. ; (2004): Ecological Sanitation - revised and enlarged edition. (pdf presentation). Sweden: 83. URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Small Spaces, Big Returns

Growing vegetables in containers can improve diets and raise incomes for urban residents in the Philippines.

AVRDC (2011): Small Spaces, Big Returns. Shanhua, Tainan: AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Can Drip Irrigation Improve the Livelihoods of Smallholders? Lessons Learned from Zimbabwe

The survey focuses on the determinants of success and failure and identifies knowledge gaps that influenced either adoption or disadoption by beneficiaries. A cost-effectiveness analysis is also undertaken to compare drip kits with traditional bucket irrigation. Finally, the study draws some conclusions and lessons that can be extrapolated beyond Zimbabwe to ensure that interventions aimed at smallholder-irrigated gardens have more sustainable impacts.

BELDER, P. ROHRBACH, D. TWOMLOW, S. SENZANJE, A. (2007): Can Drip Irrigation Improve the Livelihoods of Smallholders? Lessons Learned from Zimbabwe. Bulawayo: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Dodota Spate Irrigation System Ethiopia

This case study focuses on the water management of the Dodota spate irrigation system, the first large scale spate irrigation system in Ethiopia. This system in the Oromia state has been recently designed and constructed to establish food-self sufficiency in an area chronically affected by food deficits and supported by food aid for over 25 years. The following main research question guided this study: How is water management taking place in the new Dodota spate irrigation system and what are the impacts and effects for irrigation, soil conservation practices, and production?

HAM, J.P. van den (2008): Dodota Spate Irrigation System Ethiopia. A case study of Spate Irrigation Management and Livelihood options . Wageningen: Wageningen University URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Drip Irrigation: An Introduction

A document about drip irrigation system including components, design advices, management of the system and additional resources.

SHOCK, C. (2006): Drip Irrigation: An Introduction. Corvallis: Oregon State University URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI)

This paper gives a complete description of a subsurface irrigation system.

REICH, D. GODIN, R. CHAVEZ, J.L. BRONER, I. (2009): Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI). Fort Collins: Colorado State University URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Analysis of Spate Irrigation Sedimentation and the Design of Settling Basins

The objective of this thesis study is to analyse the existing sediment control system on spate irrigation scheme, to review and test innovative sediment control and management systems and to recommend as necessary alternative sediment control and management systems and structures.

EMBAYE, T.G. (2009): Analysis of Spate Irrigation Sedimentation and the Design of Settling Basins. Delft: UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE) URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
More Crop Per Drop

Simple low-cost drip irrigation is practical and affordable for smallholder farmers. It has been successfully used in India and is becoming more popular in other southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It can reduce both water and labor use by as much as 20-50%. Yield of vegetables also can be increased by at least 10%. Our farm trials in Cambodia showed yield increases of 20-50% compared to traditional hand watering. Low pressure irrigation is also a key component of the African Market Garden concept jointly developed in west Africa with ICRISAT. This 10-chapter drip irrigation manual provides basic, step-by-step procedures for installing simple drip irrigation systems for different crops, climates, and soils.

PALADA, M. BHATTARAI, S. WU, D. ROBERTS, M. BHATTARAI, M. KIMSAN, R. MIDMORE, D. (2011): More Crop Per Drop. Using Simple Drip Irrigation Systems for Small-scale Vegetable Production. Shanhua, Tainan: AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume III. Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture

Volume III of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater deals with wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture and describes the present state of knowledge regarding the impact of wastewater-fed aquaculture on the health of producers, product consumers and local communities. It assesses the associated health risks and provides an integrated preventive management framework.

WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume III. Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]