Library

This review focuses on decentralised systems that treat the potable water (drinking and cooking) of a single household (point-of-use systems) or a community (small-scale systems). For application in developing and transition countries, important boundary conditions for decentralised systems include low costs, ease of use, sustainability, low maintenance and independence of utilities (energy sources). Although some low-cost systems are available, their application is limited by time-consuming daily operation and maintenance. Other systems are too expensive for the poor populations of developing and transition countries and in most cases do not fulfil the system requirements described above. Point-of-use systems based on membranes are commercially available and are designed to operate on tap pressure or gravity.

PETER-VARBANETS, M. ; ZURBRÜGG, C. ; SWARTZ, C. ; PRONK, W. (2009): Review: Decentralized Systems for Potable Water and the Potential of Membrane Technology. المُدخلات: Water Research: Volume 43 , 245-265. URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This report has critically reviewed various HWT technologies on the basis of technical, social and economical factors and gives a good overview for an informed choice.

WHO (2002): Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This website provides background, guidelines, and planning tools for small community water supply.

WHO (2012): Small community water supply management. World Health Organisation (WHO) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This review looks at the factors affecting the presence and growth of microorganisms in piped networks, and the practices of water supply organisations that can directly or indirectly influence their presence and growth. This review is intended for policymakers but it is also relevant to engineers and scientists responsible for water supply planning, operations and monitoring.

AINSWORTH, R. (2004): Safe Piped Water: Managing Microbial Water Quality in Piped Distribution. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

NPTEL (n.y): Water Distribution Systems. Chennai: National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

Behind headline successes in providing first-time access to water lie a number of pressing challenges to the dominant approach to rural water supply in developing countries, namely community management following a demand-responsive approach. These challenges manifest themselves in poor performance of service providers, high rates of hardware failure, and very low levels of service. This paper argues that tackling these challenges requires a shift in emphasis in rural water supply in developing countries: away from a de-facto focus on the provision of hardware for first-time access towards the proper use of installed hardware as the basis for universal access to rural water services.

MORIARTY, P. ; SMITS, S. ; BUTTERWORTH, J. ; FRANCEYS, R. (2013): Trends in Rural Water Supply. Towards a Service Delivery Approach. المُدخلات: Water Alternatives: Volume 6 , 329-349. URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

UN-HABITAT ; GWA (2006): Navigating Gender in African Cities. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) and the Gender and Water Alliance (GWA) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This training manual describes the need of safe drinking water and sanitation and provides relevant information on HWTS process, technologies. It is good reference material for trainers to conduct training on HWTS.

CAWST (2009): An Introduction to Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage, A CAWST Training Manual. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

https://jetsgroup.com/ [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

Jetsgroup produces sanitary vacuum systems in the sectors land & transport as well as ships and offshore. Downloads, case studies, animations and information about its products are available.

A document on water supply evaluation methods.

HICKEY, H.E. (2008): Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods. Volume I: Water Supply System Concepts. Emmitsburg: U.S. Fire Administration URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This article describes the possibilities of decentralised water and wastewater systems in the U.S., particularly in urban areas.

D’AMATO, V. MOELLER, J. STRIANO, E. (2011): Rethinking decentralized systems. A new tool for sustainable water management. (= Water Environment and Technology Magazine , 8 / 23 ). Water Environment Federation URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This brochure introduces a urine separating low-flush toilet.

WOSTMAN (n.y): EcoFlush Urine Separating Toilet. Saltsjoe-Boo (Sweeden): Wostman Ecology AB URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

Waterless urinals save water and they allow the collection of undiluted urine, which – because of its nitrogen and phosphorus content - is a valuable resource as fertiliser in agriculture. In the context of African developing countries, costs and maintenance requirements of waterless urinals need to be as low as possible. Despite the fact that hundreds of thousands of waterless (and odourless) urinals are now already in use worldwide, many municipalities are not yet aware of their existence or are reluctant to accept them as a viable option. This paper aims to reduce this knowledge gap by describing available models, odour control methods in waterless urinals (flat rubber tube, silicon curtain valve or sealant liquid), and the aspects to be considered regarding maintenance requirements and costs.

MUENCH, E. (2009): Waterless urinals: A proposal to save water and recover urine nutrients in Africa. المُدخلات: Proceeding of the 34th WEDC International Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2009: URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

https://www.aqseptence.com/app/en/applications/vacuum-technology-systems/ [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This website of Aqseptence Group contains all kinds of information about vacuum toilets and vacuum sewer systems. The systems are explained with animations and short articles.

These guidelines aim to impart knowledge about water loss reduction to decision-makers and stakeholders at the national level and to the management team, planning and design department and operating staff at local water utilities in developing and transition countries. The guidelines are accompanied by capacity development materials as well as the implementation of pilot projects in order to transfer know-how and implement state-of-the art pressure management (PM) technology in practice.

GIZ (2011): Guidelines for Water Loss Reduction. A Focus on Pressure Management. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This document presents 7 myths commonly believed about water supply in rural areas.

RWSN (2010): Myths of the Rural Water Supply Sector. St. Gallen: The Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

The report investigates access to and use of drinking water in greater detail than is possible in the regular JMP progress reports, and includes increased disaggregation of water service levels and analyses of trends across countries and regions. It focuses on the three key challenges of equity, safety and sustainability.

UNICEF ; WHO (2011): Drinking Water: Equity, Safety and Sustainability. New York and Geneva: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

Typically, the large urban areas represent concentrated demands, both due to large populations and large per capita use and waste. Most urban areas have depleted, polluted or destroyed their local sources of water like rivers, lakes and tanks and in many cases even groundwater. This case study presentsdecentralised approach where powers are devolved to local institutions and where co-ordination among the state, private sector and civil society are ensured for evolving water supply options

SANDRP (1999): Assessment of Water Supply Options for Urban India. Large Dams Have No Case. New Delhi: South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People (SANDRP) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

https://www.flushmate.com/howitworks/ [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

The “How it Works” section of the company FLUSHMATE explains the flush system of its low-flush toilets.

A document on water supply evaluation methods.

HICKEY, H.E. (2008): Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods. Volume II: Water Supply Evaluation Methods. Emmitsburg: U.S. Fire Administration URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]