Library

This book provides a general introduction to a wide range of technologies. Among the topics covered are: planning and management of small water supplies, community water supplies in Central and Eastern European countries, water quality and quantity, integrated water resources management, artificial recharge, rainwater harvesting, spring water tapping, groundwater withdrawal, water lifting, surface water intake, water treatment, aeration, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, multi-stage filtration, desalination technology, disinfection, household level water treatment, technologies for arsenic and iron removal from ground water, and emergency and disaster water supply. Chapter 18: Desanilation Technology

SMET, J. ; WIJK, C. van (2002): Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and Partnership: Desalination Technology - Chapter 18. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

Summary and brief evaluation of main household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) options for developing countries. Options described are: chlorination, biosand filtration, ceramic filtration, solar disinfection, filtration and chlorination, flocculation and chlorination.

LANTAGNE, D. S. QUICK, R. MINTZ, E.D. (2006): Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Options in Developing Countries. Review of Current Implementation Practices. المُدخلات: ECSP (2006): Water Stories: Expanding Opportunities in small-scale Water and Sanitation Projects. Washington D.C.: 17-38. URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

This work presents a case study that describes the development of low-cost techniques for efficient arsenic control in drinking water. Iron oxide was used for arsenic removal and high removal efficiencies were monitored during the process of removal.

DUARTE A.A.L.S. ; CARDOSO, S.J.A. ; ALCADA, A.J. (2009): Emerging and Innovative Techniques for Arsenic Removal Applied to a Small Water Supply System. المُدخلات: Sustainability: Volume 1 , 1288-1304. URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

The three arsenic removal technologies (Three-Gagri System, the Jerry Can System, and the Arsenic Treatment Unit (ATU)) were evaluated for their effectiveness and appropriateness.

HURD, J.J. (2001): Evaluation of Three Arsenic Removal Technologies in Nepal. (= Master-Thesis ). Los Angeles: University of California URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

AKVOPEDIA (n.y): https://akvopedia.org/wiki/Boiling [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

This webpage provides a simple description including advantages and disadvantages of boiling water as HWTS options.

https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/household/en/ [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

This link provides information on HWTS (background information, technical information, further weblinks etc.) and the WHO network to promote HWTS worldwide.

https://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/arsenic/en/ [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

This web link contains a general discussion on different arsenic removal options for controlling risk.

This paper tries to assess improvement of microbiological quality in drinking water by boiling and cost analysis of boiling in Virar, Vasai and Nalasopara, three sprawling semi-urban communities in India.

CLASEN, T. MCLAUGHLIN, C. NAYAAR, N. BOISSON, S. GUPTA, R. DESAI, D. SHAH, N. (2008): Microbiological Effectiveness and Cost of Disinfecting Water by Boiling in Semi-urban India. Deerfield: The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASRMH) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

MATTELET, C. (2006): Household Ceramic Water Filter Evaluation Using Three Simple Low-Cost Methods: Membrane Filtration, 3M Petrifilm and Hydrogen Sulfide Bacteria in Northern Region, Ghana. (= Master Thesis ). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

This review paper summarizes the problem of household water treatment and discusses chlorination, solar disinfection, and safe storage as household water treatment options.

MINTZ, E. ; BARTRAM, J. ; LOCHERY, P. ; WEGELIN, M. (2001): Not Just a Drop in the Bucket: Expanding Access to Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems. المُدخلات: American Journal of Public Health: Volume 91 , 1565-1570. URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

https://www.eawag.ch/en/department/eng/projects/gravity-driven-membrane-gdm-technology/ [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

Read more about EAWAGs Gravity-Driven Membrane (GDM) technology project. There also downloads available.

http://rdic.org/ [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

Resource Development International (RDI) has implemented various projects designed to provide clean water to rural villagers of Cambodia. This page briefly describes some of the explored technical solutions, including ceramic filtration, rainwater harvesting, arsenic testing, pumps and some latrines.

FRANZ, A. (2005): A Performance Study of Ceramic Candle Filters in Kenya Including Tests for Coliphage Removal. (= Master Thesis ). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

In this brochure, the Life Straw concept is described as well as the reasons of it development and how this filters have to be operated and maintained.

VESTERGAARD FRANDSEN (2011): Life Straw. Lausanne: Vestergaard Frandsen URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

THELAKEDOCTORS (n.y): https://www.lakedoctors.com/our-services/water-clarification-and-turbidity-control/ "Online image". The Lake Doctors, Inc. [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

A 3-page factsheet on water boiling, focussing on treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other information on boiling.

CAWST (2009): Boiling. Fact Sheet. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

GUPTA, A. ; VERMA, S.R. ; CHAUDHURI, M. (1994): Performance Evaluation of Ceramic Filter Candles. المُدخلات: Journal of Environmental Engineering: Volume 120 , 1646-1651. URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

BROWN, J. SOBSEY, M. (2006): Independent Appraisal of Ceramic Water Filtration Interventions in Cambodia: Final Report. North Carolina: School of Public Health URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

Simplified factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of ceramic pot filters for drinking water treatment ion developing countries.

CAWST (2009): Ceramic Pot Filter. Fact Sheet - Simplified. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Simplified ). Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]

Factsheet compilation on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of HWTS options.

CAWST (2009): Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets - Academic. Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 20.05.2019]