This webpage of Aqua Membranes presents the change of the membrane filtration industry with its unique three-dimensional Printed Spacer Technology.
This factsheet describes the purification of recycled water specially the so-called 7-barriers process (Source control; Wastewater treatment plant; Microfiltration; Reverse osmosis; Advanced oxidation; Natural environment; Water treatment plant).
QWC (n.y): How is Purified Recycled Water Made? . Fact Sheet – Purified Recycled Water. QUEENSLAND WATER COMMISSION (QWC) URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]This webpage by the U.S. EPA gives basic information about the role of chlorine in disinfecting drinking water in the U.S., including the types of chlorine added and the formation of chlorine disinfection by-products.
EPA (2012): Basic Information about Disinfectants in Drinking Water. Chloramine, Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide. Washington, D.C.: U.S.: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]
Microfiltration membrane technology provides a unique design solution for small communities (up to 10 000 people). This is especially true in remote locations where space and personnel are limited and where environmental considerations restrict or prohibit chemical and/or sludge disposal.
WACHINSKI, A.M. LIU, C. (2007): Design Considerations for Small Drinking Water Membrane Systems. Tucson, AZ: Water Conditioning & Purification Magazine URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]
Three emerging treatment technologies, including membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and UV irradiation, hold great promise to provide alternatives for better protection of public health and the environment and thus are reviewed in this paper. The emphasis was placed on their basic principles, main applications, and new developments. Advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are compared.
CPCB (2010): Status of Water Treatment Plants in India. CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB) URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]
This position paper provides an overview discussion on the practice of chlorination in water treatment. The discussion covers the following topics: general chlorination practice, chlorine disinfection capabilities, by-product formation, current regulations and use of alternative oxidants for disinfection.
BRAGHETTA, A. JACANGELO, J. TRUSSELL, R.R. MEHEUS, J. (1997): The Practice of Chlorination. Application, Efficacy, Problems and Alternatives. Colombo: The International Water Association (IWA) URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]
This manual from EPA provides technical information on the use of membrane filtration and application of the technology.
EPA (2005): Membrane Filtration Guidance Manual. Washington D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]
This chapter considers various processes for the removal of microbes from water. In particular, it discusses: pre-treatment; coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation; ion exchange; granular filtration; slow sand filtration.
WHO (2004): Chapter 2. Removal Processes. In: LECHAVELLIER, M. and AU, K-K (eds). Water Treatment and Pathogen Control - Process Efficiency in Achieving Safe Drinking Water. London (UK): World Health Organisation (WHO). IWA Publishing, pp. 05-40. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]
This 4 pages factsheet focuses on the use of activated carbon treatment for drinking water with a special emphasis on practical considerations (type of units, certification etc.)
AMIRAULT, R., CHOBANIAN, G., MCCANTS, D., MCCANN, A., BURDETT, H. and NEPTIN, B. (2003): Activated Carbon Treatment of Drinking Water Supplies. المُدخلات: Healthy Drinking Water for Rhode Islanders: URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]
Simplified factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of Kanchan filters (for arsenic and pathogen removal) for drinking water treatment in at the household level.
CAWST (2009): Kanchan Filter. Fact Sheet - Simplified. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Simplified ). Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]
This technical brief gives an overview of the application of an indigenous, naturally derived coagulant, namely seed material from the multi-purpose tree Moringa Oleifera, which offers an alternative solution to the use of expensive chemical coagulants.
FOLKARD, G. SUTHERLAND, J. SHAW, R. (1998): Water Clarification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Coagulant. Loughborough (U.K.): Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (WELL), Loughborough University, Technical Brief 60, pp.109-112 URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]
Factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of arsenic removal via oxidation for drinking water treatment at household level.
CAWST (2009): Arsenic Removal. Oxidation. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic ). Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]
In this review, recent achievements, developments and trends (2003-2009) on the integration of advanced oxidation technologies and other remediation methods are presented. Selecting the right AOP is discussed taking into account the characteristics of the waste stream, environmental regulations, and cost.
MOHAJERANI, M. ; MEHRVAR, M. ; EIN-MOZAFFARI, F.E. (2009): An Overview of the Integration of Advanced Oxidation Technologies and Other Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment. المُدخلات: International Journal of environmental engineering: Volume 3 , 120-146. URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]
A four-page factsheet containing information on treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other relevant information related to natural coagulants.
CAWST (2009): Natural Coagulants. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets ). Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]