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This short case study describes how a drinking water treatment plant was able to remove manganese and reduce turbidity by applying chlorine dioxide to raw water as a pre-oxidant.

SIEMENS (2011): Rocky Mountain Drinking Water Plant Removes Manganese and Improves Turbidity with Chlorine Dioxide. USA: Siemens URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This document describes the use of hydrogen peroxide as a liquid disinfectant for faecal coliform reduction from wastewater discharge into a river at Montreal urban community wastewater treatment plant.

WAGNER, M. ; BRUMELIS, D. ; GEHR, R. (2002): Disinfection of Wastewater by Hydrogen Peroxide of Peracetic Acid: Development of Procedure for Measurements of Residual Disinfectant an Application to a Physiochemically Treated Municipal Effluent. المُدخلات: Water Environmental Research: Volume 74 , 33-50. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

FOCUS TECHNOLOGY CO LTD (2011): Water Treatment System (Active Carbon Filter). Zhangjiagang Beyond Machinery Co. Ltd. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

HOA, E. (2009): Scaled-up trials with a gravity-driven ultrafiltration unit in France. Report within WP2.5: Compact Units for Decentralised Water Supply. Nieuwegein, The Netherlands: Techneau URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

In this paper, the patents on treatment of water and wastewater approved from 1999 to 2007 were reviewed. An assessment of the current and future outlook for development of new technologies, methods of treatment, equipment and instruments that can be used for water and wastewater treatment applications are presented.

TANSEL, B. (2008): New Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Survey of Recent Patents. المُدخلات: Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering : Volume 1 , 17-26. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

https://aquamembranes.com/ [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This webpage of Aqua Membranes presents the change of the membrane filtration industry with its unique three-dimensional Printed Spacer Technology.

This factsheet describes the purification of recycled water specially the so-called 7-barriers process (Source control; Wastewater treatment plant; Microfiltration; Reverse osmosis; Advanced oxidation; Natural environment; Water treatment plant).

QWC (n.y): How is Purified Recycled Water Made? . Fact Sheet – Purified Recycled Water. QUEENSLAND WATER COMMISSION (QWC) URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This webpage by the U.S. EPA gives basic information about the role of chlorine in disinfecting drinking water in the U.S., including the types of chlorine added and the formation of chlorine disinfection by-products.

EPA (2012): Basic Information about Disinfectants in Drinking Water. Chloramine, Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide. Washington, D.C.: U.S.: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

Microfiltration membrane technology provides a unique design solution for small communities (up to 10 000 people). This is especially true in remote locations where space and personnel are limited and where environmental considerations restrict or prohibit chemical and/or sludge disposal.

WACHINSKI, A.M. LIU, C. (2007): Design Considerations for Small Drinking Water Membrane Systems. Tucson, AZ: Water Conditioning & Purification Magazine URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

Three emerging treatment technologies, including membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and UV irradiation, hold great promise to provide alternatives for better protection of public health and the environment and thus are reviewed in this paper. The emphasis was placed on their basic principles, main applications, and new developments. Advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are compared.

CPCB (2010): Status of Water Treatment Plants in India. CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB) URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This position paper provides an overview discussion on the practice of chlorination in water treatment. The discussion covers the following topics: general chlorination practice, chlorine disinfection capabilities, by-product formation, current regulations and use of alternative oxidants for disinfection.

BRAGHETTA, A. JACANGELO, J. TRUSSELL, R.R. MEHEUS, J. (1997): The Practice of Chlorination. Application, Efficacy, Problems and Alternatives. Colombo: The International Water Association (IWA) URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This manual from EPA provides technical information on the use of membrane filtration and application of the technology.

EPA (2005): Membrane Filtration Guidance Manual. Washington D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This chapter considers various processes for the removal of microbes from water. In particular, it discusses: pre-treatment; coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation; ion exchange; granular filtration; slow sand filtration.

WHO (2004): Chapter 2. Removal Processes. In: LECHAVELLIER, M. and AU, K-K (eds). Water Treatment and Pathogen Control - Process Efficiency in Achieving Safe Drinking Water. London (UK): World Health Organisation (WHO). IWA Publishing, pp. 05-40. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

WILLIAMS, M.E. (2003): A Brief Overview of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Technology. Harriman, Tennessee (USA): EET Corporation and Williams Engineering Services Company, Inc. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

TULSA (2011): Water Treatment Process in the City of Tulsa. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This article outlines some key features of these membrane-based technologies and describes how they can be adapted to supply safe drinking water in remote communities and rural regions from the developing world.

FARCY, M. ; DOUCOURE, A. (2010): Membrane Systems for the Fight against Water-Borne Contaminants in Small Communities and Remote Areas from the Developing World: Accomplishments in Thailand and Some New Development in Sénégal and Mali . المُدخلات: The Open Biology Journal: Volume 3 , 74-80. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This report presents a literature review on nanofiltration.

THORSEN, T. FLOGSTAD, H. (2006): Nanofiltration in Drinking Water Treatment. Nieuwegein, The Netherlands: Techneau URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

This article presents a review of the technologies and processes which are used for water and wastewater treatment in order to remove the various constituents of the polluting load: solids organic carbon, nutrients, inorganic salts and metals, pathogens. A second part describes the advanced processes to reuse treated municipal effluents in agriculture and industries and the main technologies used for desalination.

BOARI, G. ; MANCINI, I.M. ; TRULLI, E. (1997): Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment. المُدخلات: Séminaires Méditerranéens: Volume 31 , 261-287. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8sMAolVUEw [Accessed: 22.05.2019]

Check out the movie about this low cost rollable water container for developing countries

This document is about the combination of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis for the production of deionised water from surface waters.

CLEVER, M. ; JORDT, F. ; KNAUF, R. ; RABIGER, N. ; RUDEBUSCH, M. ; HILKER-SCHEIBEL, R. (2000): Process Water Production from River Water by Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis . المُدخلات: Desalination: Volume 131 , 325-336. URL [Accessed: 22.05.2019]