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The acute toxicity of arsenic at high concentrations has been known about for centuries. It was only relatively recently that a strong adverse effect on health was discovered to be associated with long-term exposure to even very low arsenic concentrations. Drinking water is now recognised as the major source of human intake of arsenic in its most toxic (inorganic) forms.

PETRUSEVSKI, B. SHARMA, S. SCHIPPERS, J.C. SHORDT, K. (2007): Arsenic in Drinking Water. Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsfWeLApRl0 [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

A demonstration of how flocculant works to bind together the fine particles in waste sludge

This article describes for the first time the use of magnetic ion exchange for improving Wanneroo (Australia) Groundwater Treatment Plant treatment process.

CADEE, K. ; O’LEARY, B. ; SMITH, P. ; SLUNJSKI, M. ; BOURKE, M. (2000): World First Magnetic Ion Exchange (MIEX) Water Treatment Plant to be Installed in Western Australia. المُدخلات: miexresin.com: URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

This paper addresses several topics that might help the water treatment plant operator select the most appropriate chemical treatment programme for the needs of the community that the plant services.

GREVILLE, A.S. (1997): How to Select a Chemical Coagulant and Flocculant. المُدخلات: Alberta Water & Wastewater Operators Association, 22th Annual Seminar : URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

A 3-page factsheet on solar pasteurisation, focussing on treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other information on solar pasteurisation.

CAWST (2009): HWTS Factsheet: Solar Pasteurization. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) is an ion exchange resin developed as an additive to existing water treatment plants where additional organic matter is to be removed. The smaller size, magnetic properties and simple regeneration using NaCl distinguish MIEX from conventional ion exchange resins. Its use in international development applications is investigated in this review article.

NEALE, P.A. ; SCHAFER, A.I. (2010): Magnetic Ion Exchange: Is there a Potential for International Development. المُدخلات: Desalination : Volume 251 , 160-168. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

This document describes several methods of drinking water quality testing. Furthermore, it contains testdescriptions about physical, chemical and microbiological contaminants as well how to interpret the test results.

CAWST (2009): Introduction to Drinking Water Quality Testing. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CWAST) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

This paper describes the use of flocculation for removing suspended particles from water runoff in a construction site in Oregon.

JURRIES, D. (2000): Flocculation of Construction Site Runoff in Oregon. Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Oregon Government URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

A three-page factsheet containing introduction, operation procedure, treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other information related to straining.

CAWST (2009): Straining. Fact Sheets - Academic. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets - Academic ). Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

This research thesis presents an investigation on the suitability of pumice and seeds of Moringa Oleifera as natural materials for drinking water treatment based on the problem identified on the Stretta Vaudetto water treatment plant in Eritrea.

GHEBREMICHAEL, K.A. (2004): Moringa Seed and Pumice as an Alternative Natural Material for Drinking Water Treatment. (= Doctoral Thesis ). Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

This series of articles proposes a general overview of many aspects related to ion exchange for residential water treatment. Among other, historic aspects, manufacturing process, softening process, technical aspects, applications in toxic metallic ions removal are covered.

KELLER, M.C. (2005): Basic Ion Exchange for Residential Water Treatment Part 1. المُدخلات: Water Conditioning and Purification: URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

This study examines the quality improvement of surface water by direct filtration with Strychnos Potatorum seed or Moringa Oleifera seed as the coagulant and assesses the suitability for home water treatment in rural areas of developing countries.

BABU, R. ; CHAUDHURI, M. (2005): Home Water Treatment by Direct Filtration with Natural Coagulant. المُدخلات: Journal of Water and Health: Volume 3 , 27-30. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

This study investigated the effectiveness of the Moringa oleifera coagulant for the removal of turbidity, bacteria, and natural organic matter (NOM) from natural surface water. The results obtained were compared with inorganic coagulants of alum and ferric chloride.

ABALIWANO, J.K. GHEBREMICHAEL, K.A. AMY, G.L. (2008): Application of the Purified Moringa Oleifera Coagulant for Surface Water Treatment. Watermill Working Paper Series No. 5). Delft: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

TRIPATHY, T. ; DE, B.R. (2006): Flocculation: A New Way to Treat the Waste Water. المُدخلات: Journal of Physical Sciences : Volume 10 , 93-127. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

CSDW (n.y): https://csdw.org/pg-purifier-of-water-packets Children’s Safe Drinking Water (CSDW) [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

This paper describes experiments using chitosan coagulant (a natural organic polyelectrolyte) on textile industry wastewater. The results obtained proved that chitosan successfully flocculates the anionic suspended particles and reduces the levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and turbidity in textile industry wastewater.

ABU HASSAN, M.A. ; LI, T.P. ; NOOR, Z.Z. (2009): Coagulation and Flocculation of Wastewater in Textile Industry using Chitosan. المُدخلات: Journal of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering: Volume 4 , 43-53. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

This research assesses the agro based materials like Surjana seed (Moringa oleifera), Nirmali seed (Strychnos pototorum) and maize (Zeemays) as a coagulant aid in conjunction with alum to determine their efficacy in water treatment. Experiments have been conducted simulating a conventional water treatment train consisting of coagulation-flocculation-settling and granular media filtration. They found that filtrate quality has improved with the use of agro-based materials.

RAGHUWANSHI, P.K. ; MANDLOI, M. ; SHARMA, A.J. ; MALVIYA, H.S. ; CHAUDARI, S. (2002): Improving Filtrate Quality Using Agro based Materials as Coagulant Aid. المُدخلات: Water Quality Research Journal of Canada: Volume 37 , 745-756. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019] PDF

MRWA (2003): Coagulation and Flocculation Process Fundamentals. MRWA: Minnesota Rural Water Association URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

A two-page factsheet on PUR flocculant and disinfectant powder with field and lab, containing information on effectiveness, advantages and limitations and implementation examples.

CDC ; USAID (2008): Flocculant/Disinfectant Powder . (= CDC Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries Factsheets ). New York: Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]

Should I have my water tested? The answer to this question depends on several factors. It concerns your health and the health of your family, so you need to know some basic facts.

U.S. EPA (2005): Home Water Testing. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]