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Technology Review of Biogas Sanitation

This document provides an overview and introduction on biogas sanitation (anaerobic digestion) for blackwater or for brown water, or excreta treatment for reuse in developing countries. The main technologies discussed are biogas settlers (BSs), biogas septic tanks, anaerobic baffled reactor (ABRs), anaerobic filter (AFs) and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASBs).

MANG, H.-P. LI, Z. (2010): Technology Review of Biogas Sanitation. (= Technology Review ). Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]
Wastewater Treatment Options

This Technical Brief reviews some of the options for wastewater treatment in low- and middle-income communities. It should be used as a guide to the main options available.

WELL (n.y): Wastewater Treatment Options. (= WELL Technical Briefs , 64 ). Loughborough: Water and Environmental health at London and Loughborough (WELL) URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]
Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production

This practical guideline on the use of urine in agricultural productions gives some background information on basic plant requirements and how they can be met with urine as a liquid fertiliser.

RICHERT, A. GENSCH, R. JOENSSON, H. STENSTROEM, T.A. DAGERSKOG, L. (2010): Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production. (= EcoSanRes Publication Series, Report No. 2010-1 ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]
Biogas - Costs and Benefits and Biogas – Programme Implementation

This information service on biogas technology has been developed and produced on the order of the GTZ project Information and Advisory Service on Appropriate Technology (ISAT). Volume III discusses the micro- and macro-economic viability of biogas sanitation systems.

ISAT ; GTZ (1999): Biogas - Costs and Benefits and Biogas – Programme Implementation. (= Biogas Digest , 3 ). Information and Advisory Services on Appropriate Technology (ISAT) and German Agency for Technical Cooperation GmbH (GmbH) URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]
Minnesota's Potential for Electricity Production Using Manure Biogas Resources

This report is a basic assessment of the feasibility and potential for using animal wastes in anaerobic methane digesters to create electricity in Minnesota. It covers an estimation of the electricity potential, the farm-size thresholds that warrant further investigation for a potential digester system, a quantification of the impact of incentives as well as a financial analysis.

MDC (2003): Minnesota's Potential for Electricity Production Using Manure Biogas Resources. Final Report. Minnesota: Minnesota Department of Commerce (MDC) and State Energy Office (SEO). [Accessed: 23.04.2010] PDF
Basic Ion Exchange for Residential Water Treatment Part 2

This series of articles proposes a general overview of many aspects related to ion exchange for residential water treatment. Among other, historic aspects, manufacturing process, softening process, technical aspects, applications in toxic metallic ions removal are covered.

KELLER, M.C. (2005): Basic Ion Exchange for Residential Water Treatment Part 2. المُدخلات: Water Conditioning and Purification: URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
Toward Understanding the Efficacy and Mechanism of Opuntia spp. As a Natural Coagulant for Potential Application in Water Treatment

In this study, the coagulant properties of Opuntia spp., a species of cactus, are quantitatively evaluated.

MILLER, S.M. ; FUGATE, E.J. ; CRAVER, V.O. ; SMITH, J.A. ; ZIMMERMAN, J.B. (2008): Toward Understanding the Efficacy and Mechanism of Opuntia spp. As a Natural Coagulant for Potential Application in Water Treatment. المُدخلات: Environmental Science & Technology: Volume 42 , 4274–4279. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
Straining. Fact Sheets - Simplified

One-page factsheet containing information on effectiveness, appropriateness, acceptability and costs of straining.

CAWST (2009): Straining. Fact Sheets - Simplified. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets - Simplified ). Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
Integrated Ion Exchange Regeneration Process for Perchlorate in Drinking Water

This report describes an evaluation of an integrated ion exchange regeneration process for perchlorate treatment in drinking water. Integrated ion exchange combines: conventional ion exchange with perchlorate selective resin for wellhead treatment of perchlorate contaminated water, regeneration of resin using tetrachloroferrate (FeCl4-) anion and then returning the resin to service, and the destruction or disposal of perchlorate recovered from the resin.

DOD ; SERDP ; ESTCP (2010): Integrated Ion Exchange Regeneration Process for Perchlorate in Drinking Water. Alexandria (USA): US Department of Defense (DoD), Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
Point-of-use Water Treatment and Diarrhoea Reduction in the Emergency Context: an Effectiveness Trial in Liberia

This paper includes findings of a twelve-week effectiveness study of point of use water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant among 400 households in camps for displaced populations in Monrovia, Liberia.

DOOCY, S. ; BURNHAM, G. (2006): Point-of-use Water Treatment and Diarrhoea Reduction in the Emergency Context: an Effectiveness Trial in Liberia. المُدخلات: Tropical Medicine and International Health: Volume 11 , 1542-1552. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
Coagulation, Flocculation and Clarification of Drinking Water

The intent of this paper is to provide cursory information about coagulation, flocculation and clarification. This knowledge will provide a basis for understanding the needs of the customer wishing to monitor these processes.

ENGELHARDT, R.L. (2010): Coagulation, Flocculation and Clarification of Drinking Water. HACH company URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
Coagulation Flocculation
SNF FLOERGER (n.y): Coagulation Flocculation. Brochure. Andrézieux-Bouthéon (France): URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
Guidelines for Selecting Resin Ion Exchange or Reverse Osmosis for Feed Water Demineralisation

Both reverse osmosis and ion exchange technologies are well established and have reached advanced levels of development. Comparison of the two processes for water demineralisation can therefore be reliably made and cost comparisons can be carried out on a case-by-case basis. This document examines the significant factors that should be taken into account in the comparison and gives guidelines for decision making.

PUROLITE INTERNATIONAL (2003): Guidelines for Selecting Resin Ion Exchange or Reverse Osmosis for Feed Water Demineralisation. المُدخلات: Purolite.com: URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]
Arsenic in Drinking Water

The acute toxicity of arsenic at high concentrations has been known about for centuries. It was only relatively recently that a strong adverse effect on health was discovered to be associated with long-term exposure to even very low arsenic concentrations. Drinking water is now recognised as the major source of human intake of arsenic in its most toxic (inorganic) forms.

PETRUSEVSKI, B. SHARMA, S. SCHIPPERS, J.C. SHORDT, K. (2007): Arsenic in Drinking Water. Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]