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The aim of this training manual is to share insights and experience of participatory water resource management approaches and tools, as developed by EMPOWERS and to train participants in specific tools for planning of water development and management projects at local community levels. The training manual operates as a guideline for training courses held by EMPOWERS.

INWRDAM-EMPOWERS (2006): Training Manual for: Pro-poor participatory planning of community water services. INWRDAM-EMPOWERS URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

The "sanitation economics" approach used throughout the paper consists of applying economic principles, approaches and tools to evaluate a number of "sanitation markets" alongside the sanitation value chain. Each segment of the sanitation value chain can be conceived as a separate "sanitation market", with different actors demanding and providing sanitation services.

TREMOLET, S. (2012): Sanitation Markets. Using economics to improve the delivery of services along the sanitation value chain. London: Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity (SHARE) URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

FONSECA, C. FRANCEYS, R. BATCHELOR, C. MCINTYRE, P. KLUTSE, A. KOMIVES, K. MORIARTY, P. NAAFS, A. (2011): Life-cycle costs approach. Briefing Note 1a. The Hague: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

After observing how CLTS was changing lives in Bangladesh, WaterAid introduced the approach in Nigeria in 2005. Over time it became clear that the practice would need to be adapted to be effective in another country and continent with its own challenges. Drawing on the findings from evaluations and research on CLTS in the country, WaterAid in Nigeria has progressively revitalized the CLTS process. This document is a practical guide to implementing the revitalized CLTS approach and covers the main barriers and triggers to progress likely to be encountered along the way.

WATERAID (2011): Revitalising Community-led Total Sanitation: A Process Guide. London: WaterAid URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This paper reports and discusses currently available evidence on the economic aspects of sanitation, including the economic impacts of unimproved sanitation and the costs and economic benefits of some common improved sanitation options in developing countries.

MINH, H.V. ; HUNG, N.V. (2011): Economic Aspects of Sanitation in Developing Countries. المُدخلات: Environmental Health Insights 2011: Volume 5 , 63–70. URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This briefing note presents an application of the life-cycle costs approach (LCCA) to sanitation in rural and peri-urban areas in four different countries— Andhra Pradesh (India), Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Mozambique. The document compares the differences between the financial costs of traditional and improved latrines, and the quality of service delivered to users.

IRC (2011): Applying the Life-Cycle Costs Approach to Sanitation. (= Briefing Note , 3 ). The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Center (IRC) URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

The Sewer Master Plan presents an analysis of the hydraulic capacity of the Palmdale’s sewer system under current and future flow conditions, recommended capital improvements required to ensure adequate capacity to serve new development, and an assessment of the structural condition of the city’s sewer system based on video inspections performed to date, and a recommended sewer repair/renewal/replacement program to maintain sound structural condition in the future.

RMC (2009): City of Palmdale Sewer Master Plan - Final Report. URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This is a case study on implementation of WSP at Kampala, Uganda.

GODFREY, S. NIWAGABA, C. HOWARD, G. TIBATEMWA, S. (n.y): Water Safety Plans for Utilities in Developing Countries – A case study from Kampala, Uganda. URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

The first module is an introduction to the life-cycle cost approach and the service delivery approach.

WASHCOST (2012): The life-cycle cost approach to water, sanitation and hygiene. Module 1. The Hague: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This paper describes Sanitation as a Business as an innovative approach to operation and maintenance challenges in household sanitation improvements.

BRAMLEY, S. BRESLIN, E. (2010): Sanitation as a Business: A new spin on the challenge of Sanitation Operation and Maintenance. URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

The case study from Bangladesh on application of WSP for Rain Water Harvesting Systems.

DPHE-ITN (2006): Water Safety Plan for Rain Water Harvesting System in Rural Water Supply System. URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

Water and sanitation services for the very poor remain grossly deficient over large areas of the globe, and financing water and sanitation improvements for these people remains a major challenge. This paper proposes six key solutions to overcome this challenge.

WSUP (2012): Financing Water and Sanitation for the Poor: six key solutions. London: Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This report summarises the Bellagio principles, which can be considered a basis for sustainable sanitation approaches.

EAWAG ; SANDEC ; WSSCC (2000): Summary Report of Bellagio Expert Consultation on Environmental Sanitation in the 21st Century. Duebendorf & Geneva: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology EAWAG & Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

From 2006 until the end of 2008, the HCES guidelines, and the concept of a participatory top-down/bottom-up planning approach, were tested in seven different urban and peri-urban sites across Africa, Asia and Latin America. Case studies from four of the seven sites are presented and analysed in this publication.

LUETHI, C. MOREL, A. KOHLER, P. TILLEY, E. (2009): People’s Choice First, A 4-Country Comparative Validation of the HCES Planning Approach for Environmental Sanitation. (= NCCR North-South Dialogue, no. 22 ). Bern: NCCR North-South URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council's mission is to achieve sustainable water supply, sanitation and hygiene for all people in the world. This is the annual report 2009 of WSSCC.

WSSCC (2009): 2009 Annual Report. Geneva: Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This factsheet introduces financial and economic costs and benefits in relation to sanitation systems. It provides an overview of analytical approaches for comparing sanitation interventions using financial and economic analyses and illustrates these using results from various studies.

PARKINSON, J. HUTTON, G. PFEIFFER, V. BLUME, S. FEIEREISEN, P. (2012): Financial and economic analysis - Factsheet of Working Group 2. Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

The publication provides an up-to-date summary of CLTS status, lessons and experiences from the region, and highlights some of the key areas that require further attention and better quality uptake of CLTS at country level, and as such guide in accelerating efforts for reaching open defecation free (ODF) status and overall sanitation and hygiene improvements at scale.

UNICEF (2013): Community-Led Total Sanitation in East Asia and Pacific . Progress, Lessons and Directions . Bangkok: UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, Plan, WaterAid and Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This manual provides guidance and tools for designing a sanitation marketing program. It guides professionals in the fields of sanitation and marketing to comprehensively assess the current market for sanitation products and services and to use the results of this assessment to design a multi-pronged sanitation marketing strategy.

JENKINS, M. SCOTT, B. USAID HIP (2010): Sanitation Marketing for Managers. Guidance an Tools for Program Development. Washington DC: United States Agency for International Development Hygiene Improvement Project (USAID HIP) URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This report is the executive summary of the revision and update of the previous master plan prepared in 1993. It includes the results of studies, investigations and outline designs made in order to develop a strategy for the sewerage for the whole of Addis Ababa.

HENDRIKS, T. BEALE, D. (2002): Addis Ababa Wastewater Master plan – Executive Summary. URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This book contains well-written information about both personal and public cleanliness including instructions on how to build safe toilets that respect the principles of sustainable Sanitation. The book is also available in Spanish and Creole.

HESPERIAN FOUNDATION ; UNDP (2004): Sanitation and Cleanliness for a Healthy Environment. Berkeley: The Hesperian Foundation URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]