Library

NPTEL (n.y): Water Distribution Systems. Chennai: National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

UN-HABITAT ; GWA (2006): Navigating Gender in African Cities. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) and the Gender and Water Alliance (GWA) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

Behind headline successes in providing first-time access to water lie a number of pressing challenges to the dominant approach to rural water supply in developing countries, namely community management following a demand-responsive approach. These challenges manifest themselves in poor performance of service providers, high rates of hardware failure, and very low levels of service. This paper argues that tackling these challenges requires a shift in emphasis in rural water supply in developing countries: away from a de-facto focus on the provision of hardware for first-time access towards the proper use of installed hardware as the basis for universal access to rural water services.

MORIARTY, P. ; SMITS, S. ; BUTTERWORTH, J. ; FRANCEYS, R. (2013): Trends in Rural Water Supply. Towards a Service Delivery Approach. In: Water Alternatives: Volume 6 , 329-349. URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This article describes the possibilities of decentralised water and wastewater systems in the U.S., particularly in urban areas.

D’AMATO, V. MOELLER, J. STRIANO, E. (2011): Rethinking decentralized systems. A new tool for sustainable water management. (= Water Environment and Technology Magazine , 8 / 23 ). Water Environment Federation URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This training manual describes the need of safe drinking water and sanitation and provides relevant information on HWTS process, technologies. It is good reference material for trainers to conduct training on HWTS.

CAWST (2009): An Introduction to Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage, A CAWST Training Manual. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

https://jetsgroup.com/ [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

Jetsgroup produces sanitary vacuum systems in the sectors land & transport as well as ships and offshore. Downloads, case studies, animations and information about its products are available.

A document on water supply evaluation methods.

HICKEY, H.E. (2008): Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods. Volume I: Water Supply System Concepts. Emmitsburg: U.S. Fire Administration URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This brochure introduces a urine separating low-flush toilet.

WOSTMAN (n.y): EcoFlush Urine Separating Toilet. Saltsjoe-Boo (Sweeden): Wostman Ecology AB URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

Waterless urinals save water and they allow the collection of undiluted urine, which – because of its nitrogen and phosphorus content - is a valuable resource as fertiliser in agriculture. In the context of African developing countries, costs and maintenance requirements of waterless urinals need to be as low as possible. Despite the fact that hundreds of thousands of waterless (and odourless) urinals are now already in use worldwide, many municipalities are not yet aware of their existence or are reluctant to accept them as a viable option. This paper aims to reduce this knowledge gap by describing available models, odour control methods in waterless urinals (flat rubber tube, silicon curtain valve or sealant liquid), and the aspects to be considered regarding maintenance requirements and costs.

MUENCH, E. (2009): Waterless urinals: A proposal to save water and recover urine nutrients in Africa. In: Proceeding of the 34th WEDC International Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2009: URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

https://www.aqseptence.com/app/en/applications/vacuum-technology-systems/ [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This website of Aqseptence Group contains all kinds of information about vacuum toilets and vacuum sewer systems. The systems are explained with animations and short articles.

These guidelines aim to impart knowledge about water loss reduction to decision-makers and stakeholders at the national level and to the management team, planning and design department and operating staff at local water utilities in developing and transition countries. The guidelines are accompanied by capacity development materials as well as the implementation of pilot projects in order to transfer know-how and implement state-of-the art pressure management (PM) technology in practice.

GIZ (2011): Guidelines for Water Loss Reduction. A Focus on Pressure Management. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This document presents 7 myths commonly believed about water supply in rural areas.

RWSN (2010): Myths of the Rural Water Supply Sector. St. Gallen: The Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

Typically, the large urban areas represent concentrated demands, both due to large populations and large per capita use and waste. Most urban areas have depleted, polluted or destroyed their local sources of water like rivers, lakes and tanks and in many cases even groundwater. This case study presentsdecentralised approach where powers are devolved to local institutions and where co-ordination among the state, private sector and civil society are ensured for evolving water supply options

SANDRP (1999): Assessment of Water Supply Options for Urban India. Large Dams Have No Case. New Delhi: South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People (SANDRP) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

The report investigates access to and use of drinking water in greater detail than is possible in the regular JMP progress reports, and includes increased disaggregation of water service levels and analyses of trends across countries and regions. It focuses on the three key challenges of equity, safety and sustainability.

UNICEF ; WHO (2011): Drinking Water: Equity, Safety and Sustainability. New York and Geneva: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

https://www.flushmate.com/howitworks/ [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

The “How it Works” section of the company FLUSHMATE explains the flush system of its low-flush toilets.

A document on water supply evaluation methods.

HICKEY, H.E. (2008): Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods. Volume II: Water Supply Evaluation Methods. Emmitsburg: U.S. Fire Administration URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This book provides a general introduction to a wide range of technologies. Among the topics covered are: planning and management of small water supplies, community water supplies in Central and Eastern European countries, water quality and quantity, integrated water resources management, artificial recharge, rainwater harvesting, spring water tapping, groundwater withdrawal, water lifting, surface water intake, water treatment, aeration, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, multi-stage filtration, desalination technology, disinfection, household level water treatment, technologies for arsenic and iron removal from ground water, and emergency and disaster water supply. Chapter 21: Water Distribution

SMET, J. ; WIJK, C. van (2002): Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and Partnership: Water Distribution - Chapter 21. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

These guidelines were developed for the construction and management of rural water supply and sanitation facilities. It is a collection of global and national good practices in water and sanitation that have been collated. These simple guidelines are primarily intended as a reference for field staff and practitioners in the water and sanitation sector challenged by situations and conditions in the field.

GONU (2009): Technical Guidelines for the Construction and Management of Drinking Water Distribution Networks. Khartoum: Government of National Unity (GONU) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

Case study about an alternative sanitation system for urban buildings. A vacuum urine-diverting sewerage system is used to reduce potable water consumption and to reduce wastewater production.

GERMER, J. SuSanA (2009): Urine Diversion Vacuum Sanitation System. Beijing, China: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]

This manual includes explanations, installation tips and technical information about VOD vacuum toilets.

JETSGROUP (2005): Instruction Manual VOD. Hareid: Jets AS URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]