Library

https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1343 [Accessed: 16.06.2019]

The NETSSAF tutorial for sustainable sanitation planning introduces a participatory planning approach. It targets planners of sanitation programmes in West Africa and provides guidance in facilitating “informed choices” in consultation with users and other stakeholders.

Chile is known as the world’s leading example of the free-market approach to water law and economics. This publication summarises the Chilean experience, showing benefits and problems.

BAUER, C. (2003): Marketing Water, Marketing Reform. Lessons from the Chilean Experience. Washington D.C.: Resources for the Future (RFF) URL [Accessed: 14.06.2019]

Comparison of two cases where tradable water rights were implemented in rural South Africa. In one case, the market for water rights bloomed, whereas in the other case transactions did not follow due to a lack of sellers

ARMITAGE, R. ; NIEUWOUDT, W. ; BACKEBERG, G. (1999): Establishing Tradable Water Rights. Case Studies of two Irrigation Districts in South Africa. In: Water SA: Volume 25 , 301-310. URL [Accessed: 14.06.2019]

Hybrid constructed wetland systems have recently been used to treat wastewaters where high demand for removal of ammonia is required. However, these systems have not been used too often for small onsite treatment systems. This study describes an experimental system for mechanically pre-treated wastewater.

VYMAZAL, J. ; KROEPFELOVÀ, L. (2011): A three-stage experimental constructed wetland for treatment of domestic sewage: First 2 years of operation. In: Ecological Engineering : Volume 37 , 90-98. URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

This technical document describes scrubbing systems for the removal of ammonia from waste gases.

RVT (2010): Ammonia Recovery/ Ammonia Removal from Liquids and Gases. Steinwiesen: RVT Process Equipment GmBH URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

This essay describes the horizontal sub-surface flow and the two basic designs of hybrid constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment.

VYMAZAL, J. (2005): Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow and Hybrid Constructed Wetlands Systems for Wastewater Treatment. Durham: Duke University Wetland Center URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

Over the past three decades, anthropogenic emissions of chemical compounds into the atmosphere have caused many environmental and health problems. Some chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), are produced deliberately and end up in the atmosphere by accident from equipment or goods. Others, such as sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), are unavoidable by-products of burning fossil fuels. Urban air pollution, acid rain, contamination by toxic chemicals (some of them persistent and transported over long distances), depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and changes in the global climatic system are all important environmental threats to ecosystems and human wellbeing.

UNEP (2002): State of the Environment and Policy Retrospective: 1972–2002. Chapter 2-7: Atmosphere. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

Read more about environmental problems caused by incineration plants in the United Kingdom.

GREENPEACE (n.y): Pollution and Health Impacts of Waste Incinerators. London: Greenpeace U.K. URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

EISENMANN (n.y): Waste Disposal - Eisenmann Fluidized Bed Incineration. Holzgerlingen: EISENMANN Anlagenbau GmbH & Co URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

Use of ion exchange processes as in the BioCon-process, make it possible to recover the phosphate as phosphoric acid, which is produced from apatite ore, thus preserving the limited apatite resources and the resources, mainly sulphur, needed for producing phosphoric acid from apatite.

LEVLIN, E. (n.y): Recovery of Phosphate from Sewage Sludge and Separation of Metals by Ion Exchange. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

Read more about chamber filter presses and their applications, benefits and options in this paper.

PARKSON (2008): Filter Presses. Manual, Semi-Automatic, Automatic. Fort Lauderdale: Parkson Corporation URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

The paper presents directions for a new system technology for municipal wastewater treatment, in order to consider both phosphorus removal and recovery.

HULTMAN, B. LOEWEN, M. (n.y): Combined Phosphorus Removal and Recovery. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

Water resources are limited in the oasis town of Béni Abbès. Efficient resource planning is complicated due the deficit of reliable data on demand, supply, and use of water. To improve the data collection, GIZ introduced an IWRM project at the oasis in order to get a sufficiently account for all demands on the available water resources. The main objective of the sanitation activities of this IWRM project is to support the elaboration of an overall strategy for the future management of all wastewater, ensuring the collection and treatment of the generated wastewater within the oasis and to maximise its reuse potential. This SuSanA case study presents only the greywater part of the wastewater concept. The greywater treatment and reuse systems used in the project were designed to collect, treat and reuse greywater coming from kitchen sinks and wash hand basins.

BRACKEN, P. (2012): Greywater Treatment in an Oasis Town, Béni Abbès, Béchar, Algeria. Case Study of Sustainable Sanitation Projects. Béni Abbès, Béchar, Algeria : Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

This document reviews current practices of faecal sludge management and treatment.

MONTANGERO, A. STRAUSS, M. (2004): Faecal Sludge Treatment. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

This document describes the centrifugal thickening and dewatering process. It is a high-speed process that uses the force from rapid rotation of a cylindrical bowl to separate wastewater solids from liquid.

EPA (2000): Centrifuge Thickening and Dewatering. Washington D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

This report outlines the findings of a study carried out in and around the city of Nairobi, Kenya by ENVILEAD. The study was carried out between the months of January and March 2005, about the patterns of practice that are likely to release persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into the environment as part of the International POPs Elimination Project (IPEP’s) initiatives. The focus of the study was the practice of medical and municipal waste burning, which research has shown to be a potential source of unintentional POPs (UPOPs). The study’s objective was to investigate the anatomy of this practice, identify the key issues involved and make recommendations for the way forward.

ENVILEAD (2005): A Study on Waste Incineration Activities in Nairobi that Release Dioxin and Furan into the Environment. Nairobi: Environmental Liaison, Education and Action for Development (ENVILEAD) URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

Today, there are already a variety of very different approaches to the recovery of phosphorus from wastewater, sludge and ashes. These approaches differ by the origin of the used matter (wastewater, sludge liquor, fermented or non-fermented sludge ash) and the process (precipitation, wet chemical extraction, and thermal treatment).

SARTORIUS, C. HORN, J. von TETTENBORN, F. (2011): Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater – State-of-the-Art and Future Potential. Karlsruhe: Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

HEEB, J. JENSSEN, P. GNANAKAN CONRADIN, K. (2008): Ecosan Curriculum 2.3. Switzerland, India and Norway: seecon international, International Ecological Engineering Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ACTS Bangalore URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

This paper describes the importance of small-scale decentralised wastewater treatment using reed bed treatment systems (constructed wetlands) in Nepal. It shows how public/community participation can support small-scale construction work while ensuring checks on quality and price of construction, including examples.

ENPHO (n.y): Decentralised Wastewater Management Using Constructed Wetlands. Kathmandu: Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

Sequential precipitation of phosphorus (SEPHOS Process) seems to be promising. The generated product, an “aluminium phosphate”, is a valuable raw material for the phosphorus industry. After alkaline treatment of the “aluminium phosphate”, it is possible to precipitate phosphorus as calcium phosphate (advanced SEPHOS Process). Following acidic elution of the ash, nano-filtration can also be used to separate phosphorus.

SCHAUM, C. CORNEL, P. NORBERT, J. (n.y): Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage Sludge Ash – A Wet Chemical Approach. Darmstadt/Essen: Technische Universität Darmstadt/Ruhrverband URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]