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The purpose of this working paper is to set out sanitation service levels to be applied as an analytical tool for WASH-Cost research on the disaggregated unit costs of water, sanitation and hygiene services. It should be read together with Working Paper 2: "Ladders for assessing and costing water service delivery", which introduces the concept of service levels, service level indicators and the use of ladders as a metaphor and a means to differentiate between broad levels of service. Both are working documents of the WASHCost team, aimed at providing a framework for data analysis to be used and tested by WASH-Cost.

POTTER, A. KLUTSE, A. SNEHALATHA, M. BATCHELOR, C. UANDELA, A. NAAFS, A. FONSECA, C. MORIARTY, P. (2011): Assessing Sanitation Service Levels. (= Wash Cost Working Paper , 3 ). Delft: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This document is about community savings through Village Organisations (VOs) in Pakistan that are responsible for implementing different development projects.

HUSSAIN, A. (2003): Conservation Funds and Community Financing. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Pakistan URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This report examines the financing of communal toilets in Maputo, Mozambique and argues that in high density, low income communities, communal toilets serving small groups of families can be an effective sanitation solution. The big challenge is to achieve regular payment from users, and effective community management of this revenue.

WSUP (2011): Financing Communal Toilets: the Tchemulane Project in Maputo. (= Practice Note , 2 ). London: Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

The document provides detailed instruction and tools in producing sound project design and as well as guidance on ways to excel in proposal writing. It also clarifies the logical framework used by ARC and others and compares it to the results framework of USAID.

AMERICAN RED CROSS ; INTERNATIONAL SERVICES (2006): Integrated Planning Process, Project Design & Proposal Writing Guide. Washington: Red Cross URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This paper is a review of the experience to date in applying output-based and other results-oriented financing aid formats to the delivery of sanitation services and goods in developing countries. The paper looks at the theoretical underpinnings which justify output-based subsidies in sanitation, reviews a selection of output-based aid projects and then proposes some new approaches which could help to make financing in sanitation more effective and accountable.

TREMOLET, S. EVANS, B.E. SHAUB-JONES, D. (2010): Output-based Aid for Sustainable Sanitation. (= OBA Working Paper , 10 ). Washington DC: The World Bank URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This paper evaluates the attempt to create public goods via microfinance loans. Microfinance loans in the production of goods with public goods characteristics signify an emergent micro-privatization. As a case study, the production of water and sanitation resources via microfinance loans is examined in India and Vietnam.

MADER, P. (2011): Attempting the Production of Public Goods Throuh Microfinance: The Case of Water and Sanitation. Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This handbook summarises the rationale and essential elements of the logframe for practitioners. In its Annex #1, the document presents examples of logframe Matrixes of typical projects of the Bank.

THE WORLD BANK (2000): The Logframe Handbook: A Logical Framework Approach to Project Cycle Management. Washington DC: The World Bank URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

OPP-RTI (2010): Low Cost Sanitation Programme in Orangi. Pakistan: Orangi Pilot Project Research and Training Institute (OPP-RTI) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This guide is for practitioners in developing countries – politicians, officials, professionals, private business people, members of civil society organizations and laypersons – involved in different ways in providing the infrastructure and services for water and sanitation. It is also aimed at students needing a compact introduction to this topic.

EUWI FWG (2011): Financing for Water and Sanitation. A Primer for Practitioners and Students in Developing Countries. Stockholm: EU Water Initiative Finance Working Group (EUWI FWG) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

AUB ; OGC (2010): Proposal and Budget Preparation. American University of Beirut (AUB) and Office of Grants and Contracts (OGC) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

http://www.opp.org.pk/opp-rti/ [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This is the website of the Orangi Pilot Project Research and Training Institute. Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) began to work as an NGO in Orangi town in 1980. The website provides information about five basic programmes of low cost sanitation, housing, health, education and credit for micro enterprises.

For many households, standposts managed by utilities, donors, or private operators have emerged as an alternative to piped water. Those managed by utilities or that supply utility water are expected to use the formal utility tariffs, which are kept low to make water affordable for low-income households. The price for water that is resold through informal channels, however, is much more expensive than piped water.

BANERJEE, S. FOSTER, V. YING, Y. SKILLING, H. WODON, Q. (2010): Cost Recovery, Equity, and Efficiency in Water Tariffs. Evidence from African Utilities. Washington DC: The World Bank URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This paper presents comparative analysis among community-based development (CBD) and/or community-driven development (CDD) projects, and between CBD and/or CDD and non-CBD and non-CDD projects in water supply and sanitation (WSS).

HILL, D. (2009): Supporting Community-Driven Development in Developing Member Countries. Community-Based Development in Water and Sanitation Projects. Asian Development Bank (ADB) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This booklet on Smart Finance Solutions, gives examples of how various existing financial mechanisms and products are being used to finance water and sanitation projects and small local businesses

SINGELING, M. CLAASEN, F CASELLA, D. DAALEN, T. FONSECA, C. (2009): Smart Finance Solutions. Examples of Innovative Financial Mechanisms for Water and Sanitation. Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) and International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This report examines innovative financing mechanisms that can help attract new financial resources into water and sanitation services. A particular focus is placed on mobilising market-based repayable financing (such as loans, bonds and equity) as a way of bridging the financial gap to meet the Millennium Development Goals and other crucial sector objectives.

OECD (2010): Innovative Financing Mechanisms for the Water Sector. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

https://water.org/about-us/our-work/watercredit/ [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

WaterCredit is an initiative of Water.org that puts microfinance tools to use in the water and sanitation (WASH) sector. It is the only comprehensive, multi-country program of its kind that connects the microfinance and WASH communities to scale up access to credit and capital for individual- and household-based water and sanitation needs.

The purpose of this manual is to create a new synergy by bringing together project management practices and socio-economic and gender issues within the conceptual framework of SEAGA. The manual is principally written for practitioners at the operational level in government, NGOs, Civil Society Organisations and the private sector. It presents a set of case studies for the planning of a project.

BISHOP, C. SEAGA (2001): Project Cycle Management, Technical Guide. Rome (Italy): Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Socio-Economic and Gender Analysis (SEAGA) Programme URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This case shows how the members of Malawi Homeless People's Federation make monthly savings of at least 0,14 USD towards a pool fund called Mchenga fund. It finances their development needs according to the priorities of the members.

KHATAZA, R. (2008): A $ 0,14 toilet in a month: Financing Urban Eco-Sanitation through Group Savings in Malawi. Malawi: Centre for Community Organisation and Development (CCODE) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This document provides information on saving mechanisms such as community-based saving and credit groups in Cambodia, savings and credit systems in Laos and the history of saving and credit programs in Vietnam

ESCAP UN (n.y): Urban Community-based-Savings-and-Credit Systems in Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic and Vietnam. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]

This brief examines two promising project activities in the micro-finance sector under the Creating Sanitation Market Initiative (CSMI), a multi-stakeholder initiative led by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank in Peru: 1) in Cusco, activities with the Caja Municipal de Ahorro y Crédito del Cusco (CMAC Cusco) a Municipal Savings and Loan Fund owned by the municipal government of Cusco; and 2) in Cajamarca, activities to establish Village Banks that administer loans for household sanitation improvements. The brief was prepared with support from the USAID-funded Hygiene Improvement Project, a CSMI partner.

USAID HIP ; WSP (2010): Peru Case Studies in Sanitation Microfinance. (= Research Brief ). Washington DC: Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) URL [Accessed: 21.06.2019]